Traits

Traits linked to KRAS

KRas proto-oncogene, GTPase

The Human Phenotype Ontology links 386 traits to KRAS, by body system: features seen in people with one of the gene's rare conditions.

Abnormality of head or neck

Trait	How often it is seen
Benign eye tumor	Always
Broad neck	Always
Bulbous nose	Always
Coarse facial features	Always
Full lower lip	Always
Long philtrum	Always
Short nose	Always
Skin tag in front of the ear	Always
Sparse eyebrow	Always
Abnormal conjunctiva morphology	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal eyelashes	Very often (80–99%)
Absent eyebrow	Very often (80–99%)
Adenoma sebaceum	Very often (80–99%)
Broad opening between the eyelids	Very often (80–99%)
Corners of eye widely separated	Very often (80–99%)
Cystic hygroma	Very often (80–99%)
Decreased width of the skull	Very often (80–99%)
Depressed nasal bridge	Very often (80–99%)
Downward slanting of the opening between the eyelids	Very often (80–99%)
Flattened bony protrusion above eyes	Very often (80–99%)
Frontal bossing	Very often (80–99%)
Full cheeks	Very often (80–99%)
High forehead	Very often (80–99%)
High palate	Very often (80–99%)
Little lower jaw	Very often (80–99%)
Long face	Very often (80–99%)
Midface retrusion	Very often (80–99%)
Nasal tip, upturned	Very often (80–99%)
Prominent back of the head	Very often (80–99%)
Relatively large head	Very often (80–99%)
Short neck	Very often (80–99%)
Sparse or absent eyebrows	Very often (80–99%)
Thickened skin folds of neck	Very often (80–99%)
Triangular face	Very often (80–99%)
Webbed neck	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal nasolacrimal system morphology	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of the eyelid	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of the face	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of the skull	Often (30–79%)
Asymmetry of the posterior head	Often (30–79%)
Big calvaria	Often (30–79%)
Cheekbone underdevelopment	Often (30–79%)
Deep philtrum	Often (30–79%)
Enlargement of craniofacial bones	Often (30–79%)
Eye folds	Often (30–79%)
Facial asymmetry	Often (30–79%)
Full lips	Often (30–79%)
Giant cell granuloma of mandible	Often (30–79%)
Left unilambdoid synostosis	Often (30–79%)
Long, narrow head	Often (30–79%)
Low hairline at back of neck	Often (30–79%)
Narrow forehead	Often (30–79%)
Narrow opening between the eyelids	Often (30–79%)
Palpebral thickening	Often (30–79%)
Prominent forehead	Often (30–79%)
Short opening between the eyelids	Often (30–79%)
Sparse or absent eyelashes	Often (30–79%)
Abnormal facial shape	Sometimes (5–29%)
Cancer of salivary gland	Sometimes (5–29%)
Cleft eyelid	Sometimes (5–29%)
Dandy-Walker malformation	Sometimes (5–29%)
Early closure of midline skull joint	Sometimes (5–29%)
Parietal bossing	Sometimes (5–29%)
Submucous cleft hard palate	Sometimes (5–29%)
Wide nasal bridge	Sometimes (5–29%)
Abnormal dentition	Not recorded
Abnormality of dental color	Not recorded
Abnormality of dental shape	Not recorded
Abnormality of head shape	Not recorded
Absent eyelashes	Not recorded
Bad bite	Not recorded
Broad forehead	Not recorded
Decreased size of nasal bridge	Not recorded
Open bite	Not recorded
Open mouth	Not recorded
Scaphocephaly	Not recorded

Abnormality of the nervous system

Trait	How often it is seen
Decrease in size of the outer layer of the brain due to loss of brain cells	Always
Degeneration of cerebrum	Always
Global developmental delay	Always
Intellectual disability	Always
Intellectual disability, severe	Always
Severe global developmental delay	Always
Abnormal shape of nervous system	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal speech pattern	Very often (80–99%)
Absent septum pellucidum	Very often (80–99%)
Absent/small cerebellum	Very often (80–99%)
Agenesis of corpus callosum	Very often (80–99%)
Difficulty articulating speech	Very often (80–99%)
Diminished deep tendon reflex	Very often (80–99%)
EEG abnormality	Very often (80–99%)
Epilepsy	Very often (80–99%)
Glioblastoma multiforme	Very often (80–99%)
Increased reflexes	Very often (80–99%)
Neurodevelopmental abnormality	Very often (80–99%)
Ventriculomegaly	Very often (80–99%)
Anxiety	Often (30–79%)
Attention deficit	Often (30–79%)
Autism	Often (30–79%)
Behavioral abnormality	Often (30–79%)
Cavity within brain	Often (30–79%)
Chiari type I malformation	Often (30–79%)
Depression	Often (30–79%)
Difficulty finding words	Often (30–79%)
Echoing another person's speech	Often (30–79%)
Inability to speak	Often (30–79%)
Irritability	Often (30–79%)
Migraine	Often (30–79%)
Motor delay	Often (30–79%)
Neurodevelopmental delay	Often (30–79%)
Rise in pressure inside skull	Often (30–79%)
Subcortical cerebral atrophy	Often (30–79%)
Abnormal gait	Sometimes (5–29%)
Abnormal pyramidal sign	Sometimes (5–29%)
Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum	Sometimes (5–29%)
Benign neoplasm of the central nervous system	Sometimes (5–29%)
Cancer of early nerve cells	Sometimes (5–29%)
Disorder of involuntary muscle movements	Sometimes (5–29%)
Disturbed sensory perception	Sometimes (5–29%)
Dysgraphia	Sometimes (5–29%)
Fluid-filled sac located in membrane surrounding brain or spinal cord	Sometimes (5–29%)
Hallucinations	Sometimes (5–29%)
Loss of developmental milestones	Sometimes (5–29%)
Memory impairment	Sometimes (5–29%)
Paralysis	Sometimes (5–29%)
Paralysis of all four limbs	Sometimes (5–29%)
Paralysis on one side of body	Sometimes (5–29%)
Paralysis or weakness of one side of body	Sometimes (5–29%)
Peripheral axonal neuropathy	Sometimes (5–29%)
Pins and needles feeling	Sometimes (5–29%)
Specific learning disability	Sometimes (5–29%)
Too much cerebrospinal fluid in the brain	Sometimes (5–29%)
Weakness of one side of body	Sometimes (5–29%)
Hemimegalencephaly	Not recorded
More active than typical	Not recorded
Tongue thrusting	Not recorded
Underdeveloped frontal lobe	Not recorded

Abnormality of the integument

Trait	How often it is seen
Absence of part of skin at birth	Always
Few cafe-au-lait spots	Always
Hyperpigmented streaks	Always
Absent/small skin	Very often (80–99%)
Beauty mark	Very often (80–99%)
Brittle hair	Very often (80–99%)
Dry skin	Very often (80–99%)
Excessive sweating	Very often (80–99%)
Excessive wrinkled skin	Very often (80–99%)
Fine hair	Very often (80–99%)
Firm lump under the skin	Very often (80–99%)
Generalized hyperpigmentation	Very often (80–99%)
Hair loss	Very often (80–99%)
Skin cancer	Very often (80–99%)
Yellow bumps of fatty deposits on skin	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal fingerprints	Often (30–79%)
Abnormal hair quantity	Often (30–79%)
Chicken skin	Often (30–79%)
Coarse hair	Often (30–79%)
Curly hair	Often (30–79%)
Hyperelastic skin	Often (30–79%)
Hyperkeratosis	Often (30–79%)
Ichthyosis	Often (30–79%)
Irregular hyperpigmentation	Often (30–79%)
Liver spots	Often (30–79%)
Multiple birthmarks	Often (30–79%)
Patchy darkened skin	Often (30–79%)
Poor fingernail formation	Often (30–79%)
port-wine stain	Often (30–79%)
Slow-growing hair	Often (30–79%)
Sparse hair	Often (30–79%)
Basal cell carcinoma	Sometimes (5–29%)
Loose redundant skin	Sometimes (5–29%)
Numerous moles	Sometimes (5–29%)
Epidermal nevus	Not recorded
Linear nevus sebaceous	Not recorded
Mole	Not recorded
Nevus sebaceous	Not recorded
Patchy lightened skin	Not recorded

Abnormality of the cardiovascular system

Trait	How often it is seen
Increased spleen size	Always
Abnormal cardiovascular system morphology	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal EKG	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal heart valve morphology	Very often (80–99%)
An opening in the wall separating the top two chambers of the heart	Very often (80–99%)
Collection of dilated blood vessels that forms mass	Very often (80–99%)
Narrowing of lung artery	Very often (80–99%)
Narrowing of pulmonic valve	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal heart rate	Often (30–79%)
Abnormal pulmonary valve morphology	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of the cardiovascular system	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of the lymphatic system	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of the spleen	Often (30–79%)
Disease of the heart muscle	Often (30–79%)
Enlarged and thickened heart muscle	Often (30–79%)
Increased blood pressure in blood vessels of lungs	Often (30–79%)
Mitral valve prolapse	Often (30–79%)
Patent foramen ovale	Often (30–79%)
Strawberry birthmark	Often (30–79%)
Swollen lymph nodes	Often (30–79%)
Tricuspid valve prolapse	Often (30–79%)
Visceral angiomatosis	Often (30–79%)
Abnormal aortic morphology	Sometimes (5–29%)
Cardiac diverticulum	Sometimes (5–29%)
Enlarged liver and spleen	Sometimes (5–29%)
Hole in heart wall separating two lower heart chambers	Sometimes (5–29%)
Interrupted aortic arch	Sometimes (5–29%)
Narrowing of aorta	Sometimes (5–29%)
Narrowing of aortic valve	Sometimes (5–29%)
Patent ductus arteriosus	Rarely (1–4%)
Cerebral arteriovenous malformation	Not recorded
Mini stroke	Not recorded
Strawberry mark	Not recorded

Abnormality of the digestive system

Trait	How often it is seen
Feeding difficulties	Always
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma	Always
Abdominal pain	Very often (80–99%)
Absent/small abdominal wall muscles	Very often (80–99%)
Anorexia	Very often (80–99%)
Constipation	Very often (80–99%)
Feeding difficulties in infancy	Very often (80–99%)
Inability to properly digest food due to lack of pancreatic digestive enzymes	Very often (80–99%)
Malabsorption	Very often (80–99%)
Poor appetite	Very often (80–99%)
Colon cancer	Often (30–79%)
Enlarged colon lacking nerve cells	Often (30–79%)
Enlarged liver	Often (30–79%)
Extrahepatic cholestasis	Often (30–79%)
Functional intestinal obstruction	Often (30–79%)
Gastrostomy tube feeding in infancy	Often (30–79%)
Intestinal pseudo-obstruction	Often (30–79%)
Jaundice	Often (30–79%)
Nausea and vomiting	Often (30–79%)
Rectal tumor	Often (30–79%)
Stomach tumor	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract	Sometimes (5–29%)
Cancer of the pancreas	Sometimes (5–29%)
Functional abnormality of the gastrointestinal tract	Sometimes (5–29%)
Growths in inner lining of intestine	Sometimes (5–29%)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	Sometimes (5–29%)
Intermittent diarrhea	Sometimes (5–29%)
Liver cancer	Sometimes (5–29%)
Peritoneal abscess	Sometimes (5–29%)
Acid reflux	Not recorded
Bladder exstrophy	Not recorded
Stomach cancer	Not recorded
Vomiting	Not recorded

Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system

Trait	How often it is seen
Funnel chest	Always
Wide rib cage	Always
Back pain	Very often (80–99%)
Double-Jointed	Very often (80–99%)
Inability to make and keep healthy fat tissue	Very often (80–99%)
Low muscle tone	Very often (80–99%)
Multiple fatty lumps	Very often (80–99%)
Muscle weakness	Very often (80–99%)
Pigeon chest	Very often (80–99%)
Shield chest	Very often (80–99%)
Vertebral segmentation defect	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal deposits of calcium in the brain	Often (30–79%)
Bone cyst	Often (30–79%)
Breakdown of bone	Often (30–79%)
Delayed bone maturation	Often (30–79%)
Generalized decreased muscle tone	Often (30–79%)
Involuntary muscle stiffness, contraction, or spasm	Often (30–79%)
Muscle stiffness	Often (30–79%)
Rigidity	Often (30–79%)
Scoliosis	Often (30–79%)
Skeletal tumor	Often (30–79%)
Spasticity and rigidity of muscles	Often (30–79%)
Abnormal shape of cartilage	Sometimes (5–29%)
Abnormal skeletal development	Sometimes (5–29%)
Dysostosis multiplex	Sometimes (5–29%)
Flexed joint that cannot be straightened	Sometimes (5–29%)
Osteochondrosis	Sometimes (5–29%)
Osteopenia	Sometimes (5–29%)
Hypophosphatemic rickets	Not recorded
Kyphoscoliosis	Not recorded
Recurrent fractures	Not recorded

Abnormality of the eye

Trait	How often it is seen
Blue eyes	Always
Bulging eye	Always
Farsightedness	Always
Wide-set eyes	Always
Abnormality of the eye	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormality of vision	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormally small eyeball	Very often (80–99%)
Cat eye	Very often (80–99%)
Drooping upper eyelid	Very often (80–99%)
Noninflammatory retina disease	Very often (80–99%)
Chorioretinal atrophy	Often (30–79%)
Close sighted	Often (30–79%)
Corneal opacity	Often (30–79%)
Cross-eyed	Often (30–79%)
Involuntary, rapid, rhythmic eye movements	Often (30–79%)
Amaurosis fugax	Sometimes (5–29%)
Astigmatism	Sometimes (5–29%)
Cerebral visual impairment	Sometimes (5–29%)
Eye muscle paralysis	Sometimes (5–29%)
Opacification of the corneal stroma	Sometimes (5–29%)
Optic atrophy	Sometimes (5–29%)
Partial loss of field of vision	Sometimes (5–29%)
Visual impairment	Sometimes (5–29%)
Anisometropia	Not recorded
Cornea of eye less than 10mm in diameter	Not recorded
Notched pupil	Not recorded
Oculomotor apraxia	Not recorded
Optic nerve dysplasia	Not recorded
Progressive loss of vision	Not recorded

Abnormality of the genitourinary system

Trait	How often it is seen
Abnormality of the reproductive system	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of the ureter	Often (30–79%)
Undescended testes	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of the bladder	Sometimes (5–29%)
Abnormality of the penis	Sometimes (5–29%)
Dilatation of the renal pelvis	Sometimes (5–29%)
Endometrial carcinoma	Sometimes (5–29%)
Epispadias	Sometimes (5–29%)
Hydronephrosis	Sometimes (5–29%)
Hypospadias	Sometimes (5–29%)
Kidney cancer	Sometimes (5–29%)
Malignant genitourinary tract tumor	Sometimes (5–29%)
Ovarian cancer	Sometimes (5–29%)
Ovarian carcinoma	Sometimes (5–29%)
Urinary tract neoplasm	Sometimes (5–29%)
Bladder neoplasm	Not recorded
Horseshoe kidney	Not recorded
Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder	Not recorded

Abnormality of limbs

Trait	How often it is seen
Curvature of little finger	Always
Back knee	Very often (80–99%)
Thickening of palms and soles	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal morphology of ulna	Often (30–79%)
Deep palm line	Often (30–79%)
Outward turned elbows	Often (30–79%)
Short fingers or toes	Often (30–79%)
Short palm	Often (30–79%)
Fused forearm bones	Sometimes (5–29%)
Knock knees	Sometimes (5–29%)
Abnormalities of the fingers	Not recorded
Abnormalities of the toes	Not recorded
Asymmetric overgrowth	Not recorded
Finger joint hyperextensibility	Not recorded
Left and right leg differ in length or width	Not recorded
Multiple plantar creases	Not recorded

Abnormality of the ear

Trait	How often it is seen
Thickened helices	Always
Ears rotated toward back of head	Very often (80–99%)
Low-set ears	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormality of the ear	Often (30–79%)
Hearing impairment	Often (30–79%)
Large earlobe	Often (30–79%)
Large ears	Often (30–79%)
Aplasia of the semicircular canal	Sometimes (5–29%)
Sensorineural hearing impairment	Sometimes (5–29%)
Earlobe crease	Not recorded

Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues

Trait	How often it is seen
Gastrointestinal bleeding	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal platelet function	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of coagulation	Often (30–79%)
Bleeding tendency	Often (30–79%)
Blood tumor	Sometimes (5–29%)
Bruising susceptibility	Sometimes (5–29%)
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia	Sometimes (5–29%)
Acute myeloid leukemia	Not recorded

Growth abnormality

Trait	How often it is seen
Faltering weight	Very often (80–99%)
Faltering weight in infancy	Very often (80–99%)
Short stature	Very often (80–99%)
Uneven or disproportionate growth of one body part compared to another	Very often (80–99%)
Weight loss	Very often (80–99%)
Growth delay	Often (30–79%)
Growth delay as children	Sometimes (5–29%)
General overgrowth	Not recorded

Abnormality of the endocrine system

Trait	How often it is seen
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism	Very often (80–99%)
Pineal cyst	Often (30–79%)
Delayed start of first period	Sometimes (5–29%)
Early onset of puberty	Sometimes (5–29%)
Neoplasm of the thyroid gland	Sometimes (5–29%)
Noncancerous tumor in pituitary gland	Sometimes (5–29%)

Abnormality of the respiratory system

Trait	How often it is seen
Laryngeal hypoplasia	Often (30–79%)
Laryngeal carcinoma	Sometimes (5–29%)
Alveolar cell carcinoma	Not recorded
Lung adenocarcinoma	Not recorded
Non-small cell lung carcinoma	Not recorded

Laboratory abnormality

Trait	How often it is seen
Diabetes mellitus	Sometimes (5–29%)
High liver enzymes	Sometimes (5–29%)
High urine phosphate levels	Sometimes (5–29%)
Swelling caused by excess lymph fluid under skin	Sometimes (5–29%)
Increased level of L-fucose in urine	Not recorded

Abnormality of the breast

Trait	How often it is seen
Wide-spaced nipples	Very often (80–99%)
Breast cancer	Sometimes (5–29%)
Accessory nipple	Not recorded

Abnormality of prenatal development or birth

Trait	How often it is seen
High levels of amniotic fluid	Often (30–79%)
Premature birth	Often (30–79%)

Constitutional symptom

Trait	How often it is seen
Chronic fatigue	Very often (80–99%)
Fatigue	Very often (80–99%)

Abnormal tissue mass

Trait	How often it is seen
Cancer of skin pigment cells	Sometimes (5–29%)

Abnormality of the immune system

Trait	How often it is seen
Baby eczema	Not recorded

How often is among people with one of the gene's conditions, the most often across them, as the Human Phenotype Ontology records it. These pages describe traits and the research behind them; they are not a diagnosis, and a doctor or genetic counsellor is the person to ask about symptoms.

Where this comes from

The Human Phenotype Ontology, release 2026-09-01: the traits linked to KRAS and how often each is seen. Find out more at hpo.jax.org.

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