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Gene

INS

insulin

Summary

Cytogenetic location
11p15.5
Coordinates
Chromosome 11: 2,159,779–2,161,209 (GRCh38)
Exons
3 exons across 1.4 kb
Protein
110 amino acids
Inheritance
Autosomal dominant
Previous symbols
IDDM2, IDDM1
MANE Select transcript
ENST00000381330.5NM_000207.3
Locus type
gene with protein product
  • Very high
  • Confident
  • Low
  • Very low

Reference genomeGRCh38

Positions on gene and variant pages follow this choice, in this browser.

Curated reports relevant to this gene

  • Diabetes Mellitus

    • A metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally high blood sugar levels due to diminished production of insulin or insulin resistance/desensitization.

      • ClinGen rates the link definitive
      • 4 GenCC submitters rate it definitive or strong
      What knowing changes

      Teplizumab (Tzield) for stage 2 presymptomatic T1D (FDA approved 2022); insulin replacement at clinical T1D onset; TrialNet autoantibody screening for high-risk relatives; closed-loop insulin delivery systems

  • Maturity-Onset Diabetes Of The Young

    • Autosomal dominant

      MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of the young) is a rare, familial, clinically and genetically heterogeneous form of diabetes characterized by young age of onset (generally 10-45 years of age) with maintenance of endogenous insulin production, lack of pancreatic beta-cell autoimmunity, absence of obesity and insulin resistance and extra-pancreatic manifestations in some subtypes.

      • 3 GenCC submitters rate it definitive or strong
      What knowing changes

      GCK-MODY: no treatment needed; HNF1A/HNF4A-MODY: low-dose sulfonylureas; HNF1B-MODY: insulin + renal monitoring; T2D polygenic: lifestyle modification, metformin, GLP-1 agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors based on comorbidity profile

  • Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus

    • Diabetes diagnosed in the first months of life, either permanent or transient, caused by single-gene defects in insulin production or secretion.

      • 3 GenCC submitters rate it definitive or strong
      What knowing changes

      Most people with KCNJ11 or ABCC8 neonatal diabetes can switch from insulin injections to sulfonylurea tablets, often with better glucose control.

Inheritance

Autosomal dominant
One changed copy, from either parent, is enough. A parent who has one passes it on to each child with a one-in-two chance.

How INS is laid out

  • Coding sequence
  • Untranslated region
  • Intron
  • Direction of transcription
  • Known disease-causing sites
Chromosome 11, with a bracket where INS sits. INS and 22 genes near it on chromosome 11, from 1,660,494 to 2,660,493.Chromosome 1111p15.5p15.5p15.4p15.3p15.2p15.1p14.3p14.2p14.1p13p12p11.2p11.12p11.11q11q12.1q12.2q12.3q13.1q13.2q13.3q13.4q13.5q14.1q14.2q14.3q21q22.1q22.2q22.3q23.1q23.2q23.3q24.1q24.2q24.3q251.8 Mb2 Mb2.2 Mb2.4 Mb2.6 MbKRTAP5-6: 1,697,195–1,697,755, forward strandKRTAP5-6IFITM10: 1,732,406–1,750,607, reverse strandIFITM10: 1,734,821–1,763,954, reverse strandCTSD: 1,752,752–1,764,573, reverse strandCTSDSYT8: 1,828,307–1,837,521, forward strandSYT8TNNI2: 1,838,971–1,841,680, forward strandTNNI2LSP1: 1,850,904–1,892,267, forward strandLSP1PRR33: 1,888,078–1,917,713, reverse strandPRR33TNNT3: 1,919,456–1,938,711, forward strandTNNT3MRPL23: 1,947,278–2,014,943, forward strandMRPL23H19: 1,995,165–2,004,552, reverse strandH19IGF2: 2,129,112–2,158,596, reverse strandIGF2: 2,129,112–2,149,603, reverse strandINS-IGF2: 2,132,538–2,161,209, reverse strandINS-IGF2INS: 2,159,779–2,161,209, reverse strandINSTH: 2,163,929–2,171,968, reverse strandTHASCL2: 2,268,498–2,271,040, reverse strandASCL2C11orf21: 2,295,628–2,303,180, reverse strandC11orf21TSPAN32: 2,301,981–2,318,204, forward strandTSPAN32CD81: 2,376,166–2,398,079, forward strandCD81TSSC4: 2,400,488–2,403,878, forward strandTSSC4TRPM5: 2,404,515–2,444,519, reverse strandTRPM5KCNQ1: 2,444,654–2,849,105, forward strandKCNQ1Diagram of INS: 3 exons on the reverse strand of chromosome 11Exon 3: 13 known disease-causing sitesExon 2: 10 known disease-causing sitesExon 1: 1 known disease-causing siteExon 3: 2,159,779–2,159,997, 219 basesExon 2: 2,160,785–2,160,988, 204 basesExon 1: 2,161,168–2,161,209, 42 bases3215′3′

Exons of the gene's MANE Select transcript (release v1.5), from NCBI and EMBL-EBI, on the GRCh38 reference genome.

Chromosome bands from UCSC's GRCh38 ideogram (2022-10-29).

Nearby genes from Ensembl release 116, on GRCh38.

Exons make up 0.5 kb of the gene's 1.4 kb; 333 of those bases code for the protein.

How a genome test reads INS

26

positions in INS where ClinVar classes a change as pathogenic or likely pathogenic

None of them falls in a region short reads find hard.

A whole genome covers all 1.4 kb of INS, introns included, not only the 0.5 kb of exons.

Where this comes from

  • HGNC: the gene's symbol, name, other symbols and location.
  • MANE Select v1.5, from NCBI and EMBL-EBI: the transcript, its exons and coding sequence.
  • GenCC and ClinGen, released 2026-10-16: which conditions the gene is linked to, and how strongly.
  • The ACMG secondary findings list, SF v3.2.
  • ClinVar and the GIAB stratifications: known disease-causing sites, and the regions short reads find hard.
  • The Human Phenotype Ontology, release 2026-09-01: the traits linked to the gene. Find out more at hpo.jax.org.
  • Data release 2026.10.16-c6eea6bf.

Cite this page

APA

Dante Labs. (n.d.). INS gene: insulin. Retrieved 16 October 2026, from https://dantelabs.com/genes/ins

Vancouver

Dante Labs. INS gene: insulin [Internet]. [cited 16 October 2026]. Available from: https://dantelabs.com/genes/ins

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