Trait
Reading disability
Clinical name: Dyslexia
A learning disorder characterized primarily by difficulties in learning to read and spell. Dyslectic children also exhibit a tendency to read words from right to left and to confuse letters such as b and d whose orientation is important for their identification. Children with dyslexia appear to be impaired in phonemic skills (the ability to associate visual symbols with the sounds they represent).
Summary
- Body system
- Abnormality of the nervous system
Reference genomeGRCh38hg38
Positions on gene and variant pages follow this choice, in this browser.
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Get my Genome Test35 genes linked to Reading disability
Changes in these genes cause rare conditions in which Reading disability is seen. Most people with this trait have none of those conditions, and a gene on this list says nothing about anyone's own genome.
| Gene | How often it is seen | Conditions |
|---|---|---|
| LRRC7leucine rich repeat containing 7 | Always | In 1 condition |
| RFC4replication factor C subunit 4 | Always | In 1 condition |
| SPTAN1spectrin alpha, non-erythrocytic 1 | Always | In 1 condition |
| UBR5ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5 | Always | In 1 condition |
| CHMP2Bcharged multivesicular body protein 2B | Very often (80–99%) | In 2 conditions |
| GRNgranulin precursor | Very often (80–99%) | In 2 conditions |
| MAPTmicrotubule associated protein tau | Very often (80–99%) | In 2 conditions |
| PSEN1presenilin 1 | Very often (80–99%) | In 2 conditions |
| SQSTM1sequestosome 1 | Very often (80–99%) | In 1 condition |
| TMEM106Btransmembrane protein 106B | Very often (80–99%) | In 2 conditions |
| TREM2triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 | Very often (80–99%) | In 2 conditions |
| VCPvalosin containing protein | Very often (80–99%) | In 1 condition |
| APCAPC regulator of Wnt signaling pathway | Often (30–79%) | In 1 condition |
| MAP1Bmicrotubule associated protein 1B | Often (30–79%) | In 1 condition |
| NIPA1NIPA magnesium transporter 1 | Often (30–79%) | In 1 condition |
| NIPA2NIPA magnesium transporter 2 | Often (30–79%) | In 1 condition |
| PLA2G6phospholipase A2 group VI | Often (30–79%) | In 1 condition |
| TUBG1tubulin gamma 1 | Often (30–79%) | In 1 condition |
| VPS13Dvacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog D | Often (30–79%) | In 1 condition |
| VPS41VPS41 subunit of HOPS complex | Often (30–79%) | In 1 condition |
| CACNA1Hcalcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 H | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| FRMD5FERM domain containing 5 | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| GABRA1gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1 | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| GABRB3gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta3 | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| GABRG2gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma2 | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| GCLCglutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| INPP4Ainositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type I A | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| JRKJrk helix-turn-helix protein | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| OPA3outer mitochondrial membrane lipid metabolism regulator OPA3 | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| PNKPpolynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| SARDHsarcosine dehydrogenase | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| TCF12transcription factor 12 | Sometimes (5–29%) | In 1 condition |
| SPTBN1spectrin beta, non-erythrocytic 1 | Rarely (1–4%) | In 1 condition |
| DNAAF4dynein axonemal assembly factor 4 | Not recorded | In 1 condition |
| STIM1stromal interaction molecule 1 | Not recorded | In 1 condition |
How often is among people with one of the gene's conditions, the most often across them, as the Human Phenotype Ontology records it. These pages describe traits and the research behind them; they are not a diagnosis, and a doctor or genetic counsellor is the person to ask about symptoms.
Broader traits
Where this comes from
- The Human Phenotype Ontology, release 2026-09-01: the trait, its names, its definition and the genes linked to it. Find out more at hpo.jax.org.
- Data release 2026.10.16-c6eea6bf.
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