Traits

Traits linked to CD28

CD28 molecule

The Human Phenotype Ontology links 51 traits to CD28, by body system: features seen in people with one of the gene's rare conditions.

Abnormality of the integument

Trait	How often it is seen
Warts	Always
Dry skin	Very often (80–99%)
Itching	Very often (80–99%)
Lichenification	Very often (80–99%)
Skin cancer	Very often (80–99%)
Skin plaque	Very often (80–99%)
Cutaneous horn	Often (30–79%)
Disseminated cutaneous warts	Often (30–79%)
Erythematous macule	Often (30–79%)
Hair loss	Often (30–79%)
Irregular hyperpigmentation	Often (30–79%)
Patchy loss of skin color	Often (30–79%)
Poikiloderma	Often (30–79%)
Poor nail formation	Often (30–79%)
Abnormality of the nail	Sometimes (5–29%)
Diffuse skin atrophy	Sometimes (5–29%)
Hyperkeratosis	Sometimes (5–29%)
Open skin sore	Sometimes (5–29%)

Abnormality of blood and blood-forming tissues

Trait	How often it is seen
Abnormal lymphocyte morphology	Very often (80–99%)
Abnormal T cell morphology	Very often (80–99%)
Cancer of lymphatic system	Very often (80–99%)
Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma	Very often (80–99%)
Increased CD4:CD8 ratio	Often (30–79%)
Bone marrow disease	Sometimes (5–29%)

Laboratory abnormality

Trait	How often it is seen
Persistent CMV viremia	Always
Persistent EBV viremia	Always
Fluid retention	Sometimes (5–29%)
Hypothermia	Sometimes (5–29%)
Fever	Rarely (1–4%)

Abnormality of the immune system

Trait	How often it is seen
Eczema	Very often (80–99%)
Red scaly skin caused by inflammatory skin disease	Very often (80–99%)
Skin rash	Very often (80–99%)
Decreased immune function	Often (30–79%)

Constitutional symptom

Trait	How often it is seen
Chills	Sometimes (5–29%)
Death of body tissue due to lack of blood flow or infection	Sometimes (5–29%)
Shivering	Sometimes (5–29%)
Night sweats	Rarely (1–4%)

Abnormality of the cardiovascular system

Trait	How often it is seen
Redness of skin or mucous membrane	Very often (80–99%)
Swollen lymph nodes	Very often (80–99%)
Increased spleen size	Often (30–79%)

Abnormality of head or neck

Trait	How often it is seen
Abnormality of the eyelid	Sometimes (5–29%)
Everted eyelid	Sometimes (5–29%)

Abnormality of the nervous system

Trait	How often it is seen
Peripheral neuropathy	Sometimes (5–29%)
Tremor	Sometimes (5–29%)

Abnormal cellular phenotype

Trait	How often it is seen
Abnormal circulating immunoglobulin concentration	Sometimes (5–29%)

Abnormality of limbs

Trait	How often it is seen
Thickening of palms and soles	Often (30–79%)

Abnormality of the digestive system

Trait	How often it is seen
Enlarged liver	Often (30–79%)

Abnormality of the ear

Trait	How often it is seen
Recurrent middle ear infection	Often (30–79%)

Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system

Trait	How often it is seen
Muscle degeneration	Sometimes (5–29%)

Abnormality of the respiratory system

Trait	How often it is seen
Abnormal pleura morphology	Sometimes (5–29%)

Growth abnormality

Trait	How often it is seen
Weight loss	Rarely (1–4%)

How often is among people with one of the gene's conditions, the most often across them, as the Human Phenotype Ontology records it. These pages describe traits and the research behind them; they are not a diagnosis, and a doctor or genetic counsellor is the person to ask about symptoms.

Where this comes from

The Human Phenotype Ontology, release 2026-09-01: the traits linked to CD28 and how often each is seen. Find out more at hpo.jax.org.

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