Hereditary Thyroid Cancer

Specific forms also covered

• Thyroid Tumor

  A benign or malignant neoplasm affecting the thyroid gland.

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• Familial Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

  Familial thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC) is a very rare inherited form of TDC characterized by a mass measuring 3 cm in diameter or less in the midline area of the neck.

• Benign Thyroid Gland Neoplasm

  A benign neoplasm arising from the thyroid gland.

• Thyroid Hyalinizing Trabecular Adenoma

  A rare, circumscribed or encapsulated tumor arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by a trabecular growth pattern and hyalinized stroma formation. The vast majority of cases have a benign clinical course.

• Thyroid Cancer

  A malignant neoplasm involving the thyroid gland

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• Follicular Thyroid Adenoma

  A benign, encapsulated tumor, arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. It may be associated with thyroid hormone secretion but it does not have malignant characteristics.

• Thyroid Gland Macrofollicular Adenoma

  A thyroid gland adenoma composed of large size follicles.

• Thyroid Gland Atypical Follicular Adenoma

  A thyroid gland adenoma with increased cellularity and nuclear atypia. There is no capsular or vascular invasion. The clinical course is benign.

• Thyroid Gland Oncocytic Adenoma

  A thyroid gland adenoma composed of large cells with abundant granular eosinophilic cytoplasm and large nuclei with prominent nucleoli.

• Thyroid Gland Fetal Adenoma

  A thyroid gland adenoma composed of microfollicular structures.

• Thyroid Lymphoma

  A lymphoma primarily involving the thyroid gland.

• Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

  A carcinoma arising from the thyroid gland. It is usually an adenocarcinoma and includes the following main subtypes: follicular, papillary, medullary, poorly differentiated, and anaplastic.

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• Thyroid Sarcoma

  A malignant soft tissue neoplasm primarily involving the thyroid gland.

• Thyroid Gland Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma

  A diffuse large B-cell lymphoma primarily involving the thyroid gland.

• Thyroid Gland Mucinous Carcinoma

  A thyroid gland carcinoma that is characterized by the presence of clusters of malignant epithelial cells associated with abundant extracellular mucin deposition.

• Thyroid Gland Mixed Medullary And Follicular Cell-Derived Carcinoma

  A thyroid gland carcinoma containing a medullary carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for calcitonin, and follicular cell-derived carcinoma component that is immunohistochemically positive for thyroglobulin.

• Thyroid Gland Cribriform Morular Carcinoma

  A thyroid gland carcinoma that is characterized by the presence of cribriform, trabecular, follicular, papillary, and solid growth patterns and squamoid morulae formation.

• Intrathyroid Thymic Carcinoma

  A thyroid gland carcinoma composed of groups of carcinoma cells with thymic epithelial differentiation.

• Thyroid Gland Adenocarcinoma

  An adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. According to the degree of differentiation, it is classified either as differentiated carcinoma (extensive evidence of follicular cell differentiation), or poorly differentiated carcinoma (limited evidence of follicular cell differentiation).

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• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2

  Autosomal dominant

  Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is a multiple endocrine neoplasia, a polyglandular cancer syndrome characterized by the occurrence of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma (PCC), in one variant, primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). There are three forms: MEN2A, MEN2B, and familial medullary thyroid carcinoma (FMTC).

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• Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

  Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), also known as papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma, is a slow-growing malignancy usually presenting in adults as an asymptomatic thyroid mass.

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• Familial Nonmedullary Thyroid Carcinoma

  Autosomal dominant

  Familial nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma (fNMTC) is a rare non-syndromic form of thyroid cancer characterized by occurrence of thyroid carcinoma (TC) as the primary feature in a familial setting.

• Thyroid Gland Undifferentiated (Anaplastic) Carcinoma

  A primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of undifferentiated cells. The malignant cells demonstrate evidence of epithelial differentiation, either by immunohistochemistry or electron microscopic studies. Microscopically, in the majority of cases there is a mixture of spindle, epithelioid, and giant cells. The vast majority of the patients present with a rapidly enlarging neck mass. The clinical course is usually aggressive.

• Thyroid Gland Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  A rapidly growing primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of malignant squamous cells. The clinical course is usually aggressive.

• Thyroid Gland Spindle Cell Tumor With Thymus-Like Differentiation

  A rare, slow growing, primary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by a lobulated architectural pattern and the presence of a biphasic cellular population composed of spindle epithelial cells and glandular cells. A small number of cases are composed exclusively of spindle epithelial cells or glandular cells.

• Thyroid Gland Angiosarcoma

  A usually aggressive malignant vascular tumor primarily involving the thyroid gland. It is often associated with longstanding nodular goiter.

• Thyroid Gland Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma

  A primary, low grade carcinoma of the thyroid gland composed of groups of squamoid and mucous cells, surrounded by fibrous tissue. Prominent cystic structures may be present. The clinical course is usually indolent.

• Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

  A differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. Radiation exposure is a risk factor and it is the most common malignant thyroid lesion, comprising 75% to 80% of all thyroid cancers in iodine sufficient countries. Diagnostic procedures include thyroid ultrasound and fine needle biopsy. Microscopically, the diagnosis is based on the distinct characteristics of the malignant cells, which include enlargement, oval shape, elongation, and overlapping of the nuclei. The nuclei also display clearing or have a ground glass appearance.

• Thyroid Gland Follicular Carcinoma

  A differentiated adenocarcinoma arising from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland. The nuclear features which characterize the thyroid gland papillary carcinoma are absent. Radiation exposure is a risk factor and it comprises approximately 10% to 15% of thyroid cancers. Clinically, it usually presents as a solitary mass in the thyroid gland. It is generally unifocal and thickly encapsulated and shows invasion of the capsule or the vessels. Diagnostic procedures include thyroid ultrasound and fine needle biopsy.

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• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2b

  Autosomal dominant

  Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2B (MEN2B) syndrome is a rare aggressive form of MEN2 characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), pheochromocytoma, mucosal ganglioneuroma, and marfanoid habitus.

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• Familial Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma

  Autosomal dominant

  An instance of thyroid medullary carcinoma that is caused by an inherited modification of the individual's genome.

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• Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2a

  Autosomal dominant

  Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A (MEN2A) syndrome is a form of MEN2 characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in combination with pheochromocytoma and primary mild hyperparathyroidism resulting from hyperplasia or adenoma of the parathyroid cells.

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• Familial Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma With Renal Papillary Neoplasia

  Familial papillary thyroid carcinoma with renal papillary neoplasia (fPTC/PRN) is an extremely rare inherited tumor syndrome within the familial nonmedullary thyroid cancer group (fNMTC).

• Familial Papillary Or Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma

  Autosomal dominant

  A papillary or follicular thyroid gland carcinoma with a genetic component that develops within the same family. Current studies suggest that it is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. It is often multifocal and bilateral and usually affects younger patients.

• Thyroid Cancer, Nonmedullary, 1

  Autosomal dominant

• Thyroid Gland Papillary And Follicular Carcinoma

  A thyroid neoplasm of mixed papillary and follicular arrangement. Its biological behavior and prognosis is the same as that of a papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1271)

• Tall Cell Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

  A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of tall malignant follicular cells, arranged in papillary and trabecular patterns. Necrotic changes and high mitotic activity are present.

• Columnar Cell Variant Thyroid Gland Papillary Carcinoma

  A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of pseudostratified malignant follicular cells.

• Multicentric Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

  A papillary carcinoma arising from the thyroid gland from multiple foci.

• Thyroid Gland Diffuse Sclerosing Papillary Carcinoma

  A morphologic variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland that more often affects young patients and commonly metastasizing to the lungs. It is characterized by a diffuse infiltration of the thyroid gland by malignant follicular cells, squamous metaplasia, stromal fibrosis, and lymphocytic infiltration.

• Medullary Thyroid Gland Carcinoma

  A neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the C-cells of the thyroid gland. It is closely associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes. Approximately 10% to 20% of medullary thyroid carcinomas are familial. Patients usually present with a thyroid nodule that is painless and firm. In the majority of cases nodal involvement is present at diagnosis. Surgery is the preferred treatment for both primary lesions and recurrences. This carcinoma is generally not very sensitive to radiation and almost unresponsive to chemotherapy.

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• Thyroid Cancer, Nonmedullary, 5

  Autosomal dominant

  Any thyroid cancer, nonmedullary in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the HABP2 gene.

• Thyroid Cancer, Nonmedullary, 4

  Autosomal dominant

  Any thyroid cancer, nonmedullary in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the FOXE1 gene.

• Thyroid Hurthle Cell Carcinoma

• Thyroid Cancer, Nonmedullary, 2

• Trabecular Follicular Adenocarcinoma

• Thyroid Cancer, Nonmedullary, 3

  Autosomal dominant

• Thyroid Carcinoma, Nonmedullary, With Or Without Cell Oxyphilia

• Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma

  A papillary carcinoma of the thyroid gland measuring 10mm or less in diameter. The survival rates of patients with this type of carcinoma are the same with those of the normal population.

• Inherited Thyroid Metabolism Disease

  An inherited metabolic disease that is has its basis in the disruption of thyroid hormone metabolic process.

  DUOX2, DUOXA2, IYD, SLC26A4, SLC5A5, TG, THRB, TPO

• Euthyroid Sick Syndrome

  Abnormal thyroid function tests, low triiodothyronine with elevated reverse triiodothyronine, in the setting of non-thyroidal illness.

• Atrophy Of Thyroid

  Tissue degeneration and diminished size of the thyroid gland.

• C-Cell Hyperplasia

  Neoplastic or reactive proliferation of the C-cells in the thyroid gland. The neoplastic C-cell hyperplasia is associated with familial medullary thyroid gland carcinoma and multiple endocrine neoplasia type II and IIB. Morphologically, it is characterized by the presence of clusters of intrafollicular C-cells with atypical cytologic features. The reactive C-cell hyperplasia is also known as physiological or secondary C-cell hyperplasia and it is associated with conditions that cause hypercalcemia (e.g., hyperparathyroidism).

• Hypothyroidism

  Abnormally low levels of thyroid hormone.

  DUOX2, DUOXA2, IGSF1, IRS4, IYD, NKX2-5, PAX8, SECISBP2, SLC26A4, SLC26A7, SLC5A5, TBL1X, TG, THRA, TPO, TRHR, TSHB, TSHR

• Goiter

  Enlargement of the thyroid gland usually caused by lack of iodine in the diet, hyperthyroidism, or thyroid nodules. Symptoms include difficulty in breathing and swallowing.

• Thyroid Malformation

  An anatomic abnormality of the thyroid gland.

• Hyperthyroidism

  Overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in overproduction of thyroid hormone and increased metabolic rate. Causes include diffuse hyperplasia of the thyroid gland (Graves' disease), single nodule in the thyroid gland, and thyroiditis. The symptoms are related to the increased metabolic rate and include weight loss, fatigue, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, diarrhea, tachycardia, insomnia, muscle weakness, and tremor.

  ALB, THRB, TSHR

• Thyroiditis

  Inflammation of the thyroid gland. This category includes Hashimoto thyroiditis, Riedel thyroiditis, acute thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis, and radiation-induced thyroiditis.

• Thyrocalcitonin Secretion Disease

• Hyperthyroxinemia

  Abnormally elevated thyroxine level in the blood.

  ALB