{
  "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/pulmonary-bulla",
  "trait": {
    "bundleId": "2026.10.17-8666dff2",
    "release": "2026-09-01",
    "slug": "pulmonary-bulla",
    "id": "HP:0032446",
    "name": "Pulmonary bulla",
    "definition": "Pulmonary bullae are rounded focal regions of emphysema with a thin wall which measure more than 1 cm in diameter. They are often subpleural in location and are typically larger in the apices. In some cases, bullae can be very large and result in compression of adjacent lung tissue. A giant bulla is arbitrarily defined as one that occupies at least one third of the volume of a hemithorax. When large, bullae can simulate pneumothorax. The most common cause is paraseptal emphysema but bullae may also be seen in association with centrilobular emphysema.",
    "synonyms": [
      "Pulmonary bullae"
    ],
    "systems": [
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-respiratory-system",
        "name": "Abnormality of the respiratory system",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-respiratory-system"
      }
    ],
    "broader": [
      {
        "slug": "emphysema",
        "name": "Emphysema",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/emphysema"
      }
    ],
    "narrower": [],
    "genes": [
      {
        "slug": "akt1",
        "symbol": "AKT1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:391",
        "name": "AKT serine/threonine kinase 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/akt1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "card10",
        "symbol": "CARD10",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16422",
        "name": "caspase recruitment domain family member 10",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/card10"
      },
      {
        "slug": "col3a1",
        "symbol": "COL3A1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2201",
        "name": "collagen type III alpha 1 chain",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/col3a1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "efemp1",
        "symbol": "EFEMP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3218",
        "name": "EGF-like fibulin extracellular matrix protein 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/efemp1"
      }
    ]
  }
}