{
  "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/global-brain-atrophy",
  "trait": {
    "bundleId": "2026.10.17-8666dff2",
    "release": "2026-09-01",
    "slug": "global-brain-atrophy",
    "id": "HP:0002283",
    "name": "Generalized brain degeneration",
    "label": "Global brain atrophy",
    "definition": "Unlocalized atrophy of the brain with decreased total brain matter volume and increased ventricular size.",
    "synonyms": [
      "Diffuse brain atrophy",
      "Generalised brain atrophy",
      "Generalised brain degeneration",
      "Generalised cerebral atrophy",
      "Generalized brain atrophy",
      "Generalized cerebral atrophy"
    ],
    "systems": [
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-nervous-system",
        "name": "Abnormality of the nervous system",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-nervous-system"
      }
    ],
    "broader": [
      {
        "slug": "aplasia-hypoplasia-involving-the-central-nervous-system",
        "name": "Absent/underdeveloped central nervous system tissue",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/aplasia-hypoplasia-involving-the-central-nervous-system"
      },
      {
        "slug": "brain-atrophy",
        "name": "Brain degeneration",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/brain-atrophy"
      }
    ],
    "narrower": [],
    "genes": [
      {
        "slug": "alg9",
        "symbol": "ALG9",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:15672",
        "name": "ALG9 alpha-1,2-mannosyltransferase",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/alg9"
      },
      {
        "slug": "arx",
        "symbol": "ARX",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18060",
        "name": "aristaless related homeobox",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/arx"
      },
      {
        "slug": "asns",
        "symbol": "ASNS",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:753",
        "name": "asparagine synthetase (glutamine-hydrolyzing)",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/asns"
      },
      {
        "slug": "csf1r",
        "symbol": "CSF1R",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2433",
        "name": "colony stimulating factor 1 receptor",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/csf1r"
      },
      {
        "slug": "fbxl4",
        "symbol": "FBXL4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:13601",
        "name": "F-box and leucine rich repeat protein 4",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fbxl4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gtf3c3",
        "symbol": "GTF3C3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4666",
        "name": "general transcription factor IIIC subunit 3",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gtf3c3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "lyrm7",
        "symbol": "LYRM7",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:28072",
        "name": "LYR motif containing 7",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/lyrm7"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mccc1",
        "symbol": "MCCC1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6936",
        "name": "methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase subunit 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mccc1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "plp1",
        "symbol": "PLP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9086",
        "name": "proteolipid protein 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/plp1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "psap",
        "symbol": "PSAP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9498",
        "name": "prosaposin",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/psap"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rab3gap2",
        "symbol": "RAB3GAP2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17168",
        "name": "RAB3 GTPase activating non-catalytic protein subunit 2",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rab3gap2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rrp12",
        "symbol": "RRP12",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:29100",
        "name": "ribosomal RNA processing 12 homolog",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rrp12"
      },
      {
        "slug": "scn2a",
        "symbol": "SCN2A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10588",
        "name": "sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 2",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/scn2a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "snapin",
        "symbol": "SNAPIN",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17145",
        "name": "SNAP associated protein",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/snapin"
      },
      {
        "slug": "spout1",
        "symbol": "SPOUT1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:26933",
        "name": "SPOUT domain containing methyltransferase 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/spout1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "st3gal5",
        "symbol": "ST3GAL5",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10872",
        "name": "ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 5",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/st3gal5"
      },
      {
        "slug": "wars2",
        "symbol": "WARS2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12730",
        "name": "tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/wars2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "snf8",
        "symbol": "SNF8",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17028",
        "name": "SNF8 subunit of ESCRT-II",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/snf8"
      },
      {
        "slug": "txn2",
        "symbol": "TXN2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17772",
        "name": "thioredoxin 2",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/txn2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "abcd1",
        "symbol": "ABCD1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:61",
        "name": "ATP binding cassette subfamily D member 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/abcd1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cars2",
        "symbol": "CARS2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:25695",
        "name": "cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cars2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cyld",
        "symbol": "CYLD",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2584",
        "name": "CYLD lysine 63 deubiquitinase",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cyld"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dohh",
        "symbol": "DOHH",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:28662",
        "name": "deoxyhypusine hydroxylase",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dohh"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ercc6",
        "symbol": "ERCC6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3438",
        "name": "ERCC excision repair 6, chromatin remodeling factor",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ercc6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gfm1",
        "symbol": "GFM1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:13780",
        "name": "G elongation factor mitochondrial 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gfm1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "jkamp",
        "symbol": "JKAMP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:20184",
        "name": "JNK1/MAPK8 associated membrane protein",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/jkamp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nup214",
        "symbol": "NUP214",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8064",
        "name": "nucleoporin 214",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nup214"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pla2g6",
        "symbol": "PLA2G6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9039",
        "name": "phospholipase A2 group VI",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pla2g6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pnpo",
        "symbol": "PNPO",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:30260",
        "name": "pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate oxidase",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pnpo"
      },
      {
        "slug": "prnp",
        "symbol": "PRNP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9449",
        "name": "prion protein (Kanno blood group)",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/prnp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "snca",
        "symbol": "SNCA",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11138",
        "name": "synuclein alpha",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/snca"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sucla2",
        "symbol": "SUCLA2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11448",
        "name": "succinate-CoA ligase ADP-forming subunit beta",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sucla2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tango2",
        "symbol": "TANGO2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:25439",
        "name": "transport and golgi organization 2 homolog",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tango2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tbck",
        "symbol": "TBCK",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:28261",
        "name": "TBC1 domain containing kinase",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tbck"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tdp1",
        "symbol": "TDP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18884",
        "name": "tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tdp1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "timm8a",
        "symbol": "TIMM8A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11817",
        "name": "translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 8A",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/timm8a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tra2b",
        "symbol": "TRA2B",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10781",
        "name": "transformer 2 beta homolog",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tra2b"
      },
      {
        "slug": "vars1",
        "symbol": "VARS1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12651",
        "name": "valyl-tRNA synthetase 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/vars1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "actl6b",
        "symbol": "ACTL6B",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:160",
        "name": "actin like 6B",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/actl6b"
      },
      {
        "slug": "afg2a",
        "symbol": "AFG2A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18119",
        "name": "AAA ATPase AFG2A",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/afg2a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "agtpbp1",
        "symbol": "AGTPBP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17258",
        "name": "ATP/GTP binding carboxypeptidase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/agtpbp1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "alg13",
        "symbol": "ALG13",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:30881",
        "name": "ALG13 UDP-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase subunit",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/alg13"
      },
      {
        "slug": "asl",
        "symbol": "ASL",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:746",
        "name": "argininosuccinate lyase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/asl"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cad",
        "symbol": "CAD",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:1424",
        "name": "carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, aspartate transcarbamylase, and dihydroorotase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cad"
      },
      {
        "slug": "chchd10",
        "symbol": "CHCHD10",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:15559",
        "name": "coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 10",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/chchd10"
      },
      {
        "slug": "copb1",
        "symbol": "COPB1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2231",
        "name": "coat protein complex I subunit beta 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/copb1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cyb5a",
        "symbol": "CYB5A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2570",
        "name": "cytochrome b5 type A",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cyb5a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cyb5r3",
        "symbol": "CYB5R3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2873",
        "name": "cytochrome b5 reductase 3",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cyb5r3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cyp27a1",
        "symbol": "CYP27A1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2605",
        "name": "cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cyp27a1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dhcr7",
        "symbol": "DHCR7",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2860",
        "name": "7-dehydrocholesterol reductase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dhcr7"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dpagt1",
        "symbol": "DPAGT1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2995",
        "name": "dolichyl-phosphate N-acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dpagt1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "fus",
        "symbol": "FUS",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4010",
        "name": "FUS RNA binding protein",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fus"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gabra1",
        "symbol": "GABRA1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4075",
        "name": "gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gabra1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gabrg2",
        "symbol": "GABRG2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4087",
        "name": "gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gabrg2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gnb1",
        "symbol": "GNB1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4396",
        "name": "G protein subunit beta 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gnb1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "naxe",
        "symbol": "NAXE",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18453",
        "name": "NAD(P)HX epimerase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/naxe"
      },
      {
        "slug": "otud5",
        "symbol": "OTUD5",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:25402",
        "name": "OTU deubiquitinase 5",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/otud5"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pcdh19",
        "symbol": "PCDH19",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:14270",
        "name": "protocadherin 19",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pcdh19"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pigt",
        "symbol": "PIGT",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:14938",
        "name": "phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis class T",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pigt"
      },
      {
        "slug": "puf60",
        "symbol": "PUF60",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17042",
        "name": "poly(U) binding splicing factor 60",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/puf60"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pycr2",
        "symbol": "PYCR2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:30262",
        "name": "pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pycr2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "satb1",
        "symbol": "SATB1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10541",
        "name": "SATB homeobox 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/satb1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "scn1a",
        "symbol": "SCN1A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10585",
        "name": "sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/scn1a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "scn1b",
        "symbol": "SCN1B",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10586",
        "name": "sodium voltage-gated channel beta subunit 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/scn1b"
      },
      {
        "slug": "scn9a",
        "symbol": "SCN9A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10597",
        "name": "sodium voltage-gated channel alpha subunit 9",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/scn9a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "son",
        "symbol": "SON",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11183",
        "name": "SON DNA and RNA binding protein",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/son"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sqstm1",
        "symbol": "SQSTM1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11280",
        "name": "sequestosome 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sqstm1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tardbp",
        "symbol": "TARDBP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11571",
        "name": "TAR DNA binding protein",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tardbp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tbk1",
        "symbol": "TBK1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11584",
        "name": "TANK binding kinase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tbk1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tpk1",
        "symbol": "TPK1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17358",
        "name": "thiamin pyrophosphokinase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tpk1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "vcp",
        "symbol": "VCP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12666",
        "name": "valosin containing protein",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/vcp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rnu4-2",
        "symbol": "RNU4-2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10193",
        "name": "RNA, U4 small nuclear 2",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rnu4-2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "aimp1",
        "symbol": "AIMP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10648",
        "name": "aminoacyl tRNA synthetase complex interacting multifunctional protein 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/aimp1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "l2hgdh",
        "symbol": "L2HGDH",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:20499",
        "name": "L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/l2hgdh"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pank2",
        "symbol": "PANK2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:15894",
        "name": "pantothenate kinase 2",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pank2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rnf113a",
        "symbol": "RNF113A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12974",
        "name": "ring finger protein 113A",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rnf113a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "smg9",
        "symbol": "SMG9",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:25763",
        "name": "SMG9 nonsense mediated mRNA decay factor",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/smg9"
      },
      {
        "slug": "unc80",
        "symbol": "UNC80",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:26582",
        "name": "unc-80 subunit of NALCN channel complex",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/unc80"
      },
      {
        "slug": "wdr81",
        "symbol": "WDR81",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:26600",
        "name": "WD repeat domain 81",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/wdr81"
      }
    ]
  }
}