{
  "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/insomnia",
  "trait": {
    "bundleId": "2026.10.17-8666dff2",
    "release": "2026-09-01",
    "slug": "insomnia",
    "id": "HP:0100785",
    "name": "Difficulty staying or falling asleep",
    "label": "Insomnia",
    "definition": "Persistent difficulty in starting or maintaining sleep, or waking up earlier than desired, despite having adequate opportunities and conditions for sleep.",
    "synonyms": [
      "Inability to sleep"
    ],
    "systems": [
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-nervous-system",
        "name": "Abnormality of the nervous system",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-nervous-system"
      }
    ],
    "broader": [
      {
        "slug": "sleep-disturbance",
        "name": "Difficulty sleeping",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/sleep-disturbance"
      }
    ],
    "narrower": [
      {
        "slug": "sleep-onset-insomnia",
        "name": "Difficulty falling asleep",
        "genes": 10,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/sleep-onset-insomnia"
      },
      {
        "slug": "maintenance-insomnia",
        "name": "Difficulty staying asleep",
        "genes": 4,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/maintenance-insomnia"
      }
    ],
    "genes": [
      {
        "slug": "fdxr",
        "symbol": "FDXR",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3642",
        "name": "ferredoxin reductase",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fdxr"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mccc1",
        "symbol": "MCCC1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6936",
        "name": "methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase subunit 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mccc1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "neurog1",
        "symbol": "NEUROG1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7764",
        "name": "neurogenin 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/neurog1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rnu5b-1",
        "symbol": "RNU5B-1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10212",
        "name": "RNA, U5B small nuclear 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rnu5b-1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "galnt2",
        "symbol": "GALNT2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4124",
        "name": "polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/galnt2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hcrt",
        "symbol": "HCRT",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4847",
        "name": "hypocretin neuropeptide precursor",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hcrt"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hla-dqb1",
        "symbol": "HLA-DQB1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4944",
        "name": "major histocompatibility complex, class II, DQ beta 1",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hla-dqb1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hla-drb1",
        "symbol": "HLA-DRB1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4948",
        "name": "major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hla-drb1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nol3",
        "symbol": "NOL3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7869",
        "name": "nucleolar protein 3",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nol3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "prnp",
        "symbol": "PRNP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9449",
        "name": "prion protein (Kanno blood group)",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 3,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/prnp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "znf365",
        "symbol": "ZNF365",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18194",
        "name": "zinc finger protein 365",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/znf365"
      },
      {
        "slug": "abcb11",
        "symbol": "ABCB11",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:42",
        "name": "ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 11",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/abcb11"
      },
      {
        "slug": "abcb4",
        "symbol": "ABCB4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:45",
        "name": "ATP binding cassette subfamily B member 4",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/abcb4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "atp7b",
        "symbol": "ATP7B",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:870",
        "name": "ATPase copper transporting beta",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/atp7b"
      },
      {
        "slug": "atp8b1",
        "symbol": "ATP8B1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3706",
        "name": "ATPase phospholipid transporting 8B1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/atp8b1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "baz1b",
        "symbol": "BAZ1B",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:961",
        "name": "bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain 1B",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/baz1b"
      },
      {
        "slug": "bud23",
        "symbol": "BUD23",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16405",
        "name": "BUD23 rRNA methyltransferase and ribosome maturation factor",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/bud23"
      },
      {
        "slug": "calr",
        "symbol": "CALR",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:1455",
        "name": "calreticulin",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/calr"
      },
      {
        "slug": "clip2",
        "symbol": "CLIP2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2586",
        "name": "CAP-Gly domain containing linker protein 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/clip2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dnajc30",
        "symbol": "DNAJC30",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16410",
        "name": "DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C30",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dnajc30"
      },
      {
        "slug": "eif4h",
        "symbol": "EIF4H",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12741",
        "name": "eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4H",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/eif4h"
      },
      {
        "slug": "eln",
        "symbol": "ELN",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3327",
        "name": "elastin",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/eln"
      },
      {
        "slug": "fam177a1",
        "symbol": "FAM177A1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:19829",
        "name": "family with sequence similarity 177 member A1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fam177a1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "fkbp6",
        "symbol": "FKBP6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3722",
        "name": "FKBP prolyl isomerase family member 6 (inactive)",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fkbp6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gtf2i",
        "symbol": "GTF2I",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4659",
        "name": "general transcription factor IIi",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gtf2i"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gtf2ird1",
        "symbol": "GTF2IRD1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4661",
        "name": "GTF2I repeat domain containing 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gtf2ird1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gtf2ird2",
        "symbol": "GTF2IRD2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:30775",
        "name": "GTF2I repeat domain containing 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gtf2ird2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "jak2",
        "symbol": "JAK2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6192",
        "name": "Janus kinase 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/jak2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "limk1",
        "symbol": "LIMK1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6613",
        "name": "LIM domain kinase 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/limk1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mark2",
        "symbol": "MARK2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3332",
        "name": "microtubule affinity regulating kinase 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mark2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mettl27",
        "symbol": "METTL27",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:19068",
        "name": "methyltransferase like 27",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mettl27"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mpl",
        "symbol": "MPL",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7217",
        "name": "MPL proto-oncogene, thrombopoietin receptor",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mpl"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ncf1",
        "symbol": "NCF1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7660",
        "name": "neutrophil cytosolic factor 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ncf1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nr1h4",
        "symbol": "NR1H4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7967",
        "name": "nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 4",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nr1h4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pde2a",
        "symbol": "PDE2A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8777",
        "name": "phosphodiesterase 2A",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pde2a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ppp2r5c",
        "symbol": "PPP2R5C",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9311",
        "name": "protein phosphatase 2 regulatory subunit B'gamma",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ppp2r5c"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rfc2",
        "symbol": "RFC2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9970",
        "name": "replication factor C subunit 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rfc2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sh2b3",
        "symbol": "SH2B3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:29605",
        "name": "SH2B adaptor protein 3",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sh2b3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "stx1a",
        "symbol": "STX1A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11433",
        "name": "syntaxin 1A",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/stx1a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tbl2",
        "symbol": "TBL2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11586",
        "name": "transducin beta like 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tbl2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tet2",
        "symbol": "TET2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:25941",
        "name": "tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tet2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tmem270",
        "symbol": "TMEM270",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:23018",
        "name": "transmembrane protein 270",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tmem270"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tp53",
        "symbol": "TP53",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11998",
        "name": "tumor protein p53",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tp53"
      },
      {
        "slug": "vps37d",
        "symbol": "VPS37D",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18287",
        "name": "VPS37D subunit of ESCRT-I",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/vps37d"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dnajc6",
        "symbol": "DNAJC6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:15469",
        "name": "DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C6",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dnajc6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "fars2",
        "symbol": "FARS2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:21062",
        "name": "phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fars2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "guk1",
        "symbol": "GUK1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4693",
        "name": "guanylate kinase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/guk1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hexb",
        "symbol": "HEXB",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4879",
        "name": "hexosaminidase subunit beta",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hexb"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hmbs",
        "symbol": "HMBS",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4982",
        "name": "hydroxymethylbilane synthase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hmbs"
      },
      {
        "slug": "htra2",
        "symbol": "HTRA2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:14348",
        "name": "HtrA serine peptidase 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/htra2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "htt",
        "symbol": "HTT",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4851",
        "name": "huntingtin",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/htt"
      },
      {
        "slug": "kat6a",
        "symbol": "KAT6A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:13013",
        "name": "lysine acetyltransferase 6A",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/kat6a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "lrrk2",
        "symbol": "LRRK2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18618",
        "name": "leucine rich repeat kinase 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/lrrk2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "men1",
        "symbol": "MEN1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7010",
        "name": "menin 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/men1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nags",
        "symbol": "NAGS",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17996",
        "name": "N-acetylglutamate synthase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nags"
      },
      {
        "slug": "park7",
        "symbol": "PARK7",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16369",
        "name": "Parkinsonism associated deglycase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/park7"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pink1",
        "symbol": "PINK1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:14581",
        "name": "PTEN induced kinase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pink1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "podxl",
        "symbol": "PODXL",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9171",
        "name": "podocalyxin like",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/podxl"
      },
      {
        "slug": "prkn",
        "symbol": "PRKN",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8607",
        "name": "parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/prkn"
      },
      {
        "slug": "slc25a13",
        "symbol": "SLC25A13",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10983",
        "name": "solute carrier family 25 member 13",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/slc25a13"
      },
      {
        "slug": "slc2a3",
        "symbol": "SLC2A3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11007",
        "name": "solute carrier family 2 member 3",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/slc2a3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "snca",
        "symbol": "SNCA",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11138",
        "name": "synuclein alpha",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/snca"
      },
      {
        "slug": "synj1",
        "symbol": "SYNJ1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11503",
        "name": "synaptojanin 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/synj1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tubb3",
        "symbol": "TUBB3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:20772",
        "name": "tubulin beta 3 class III",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tubb3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "uchl1",
        "symbol": "UCHL1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12513",
        "name": "ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/uchl1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "vps13c",
        "symbol": "VPS13C",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:23594",
        "name": "vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog C",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/vps13c"
      },
      {
        "slug": "yy1",
        "symbol": "YY1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12856",
        "name": "YY1 transcription factor",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/yy1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "clcnkb",
        "symbol": "CLCNKB",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2027",
        "name": "chloride voltage-gated channel Kb",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/clcnkb"
      },
      {
        "slug": "slc12a3",
        "symbol": "SLC12A3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10912",
        "name": "solute carrier family 12 member 3",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/slc12a3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cpox",
        "symbol": "CPOX",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2321",
        "name": "coproporphyrinogen oxidase",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cpox"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dctn1",
        "symbol": "DCTN1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2711",
        "name": "dynactin subunit 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dctn1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "stub1",
        "symbol": "STUB1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11427",
        "name": "STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/stub1"
      }
    ]
  }
}