{
  "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/dyslexia",
  "trait": {
    "bundleId": "2026.10.18-8b139e39",
    "release": "2026-09-01",
    "slug": "dyslexia",
    "id": "HP:0010522",
    "name": "Reading disability",
    "label": "Dyslexia",
    "definition": "A learning disorder characterized primarily by difficulties in learning to read and spell. Dyslectic children also exhibit a tendency to read words from right to left and to confuse letters such as b and d whose orientation is important for their identification. Children with dyslexia appear to be impaired in phonemic skills (the ability to associate visual symbols with the sounds they represent).",
    "synonyms": [],
    "systems": [
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-nervous-system",
        "name": "Abnormality of the nervous system",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-nervous-system"
      }
    ],
    "broader": [
      {
        "slug": "specific-learning-disability",
        "name": "Specific learning disability",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/specific-learning-disability"
      }
    ],
    "narrower": [],
    "genes": [
      {
        "slug": "lrrc7",
        "symbol": "LRRC7",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18531",
        "name": "leucine rich repeat containing 7",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/lrrc7"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rfc4",
        "symbol": "RFC4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9972",
        "name": "replication factor C subunit 4",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rfc4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sptan1",
        "symbol": "SPTAN1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11273",
        "name": "spectrin alpha, non-erythrocytic 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sptan1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ubr5",
        "symbol": "UBR5",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16806",
        "name": "ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 5",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ubr5"
      },
      {
        "slug": "chmp2b",
        "symbol": "CHMP2B",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:24537",
        "name": "charged multivesicular body protein 2B",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/chmp2b"
      },
      {
        "slug": "grn",
        "symbol": "GRN",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4601",
        "name": "granulin precursor",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/grn"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mapt",
        "symbol": "MAPT",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6893",
        "name": "microtubule associated protein tau",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mapt"
      },
      {
        "slug": "psen1",
        "symbol": "PSEN1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9508",
        "name": "presenilin 1",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/psen1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sqstm1",
        "symbol": "SQSTM1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11280",
        "name": "sequestosome 1",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sqstm1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tmem106b",
        "symbol": "TMEM106B",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:22407",
        "name": "transmembrane protein 106B",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tmem106b"
      },
      {
        "slug": "trem2",
        "symbol": "TREM2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17761",
        "name": "triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/trem2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "vcp",
        "symbol": "VCP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12666",
        "name": "valosin containing protein",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/vcp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "apc",
        "symbol": "APC",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:583",
        "name": "APC regulator of Wnt signaling pathway",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/apc"
      },
      {
        "slug": "map1b",
        "symbol": "MAP1B",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6836",
        "name": "microtubule associated protein 1B",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/map1b"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nipa1",
        "symbol": "NIPA1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17043",
        "name": "NIPA magnesium transporter 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nipa1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nipa2",
        "symbol": "NIPA2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17044",
        "name": "NIPA magnesium transporter 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nipa2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pla2g6",
        "symbol": "PLA2G6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9039",
        "name": "phospholipase A2 group VI",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pla2g6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tubg1",
        "symbol": "TUBG1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12417",
        "name": "tubulin gamma 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tubg1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "vps13d",
        "symbol": "VPS13D",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:23595",
        "name": "vacuolar protein sorting 13 homolog D",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/vps13d"
      },
      {
        "slug": "vps41",
        "symbol": "VPS41",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12713",
        "name": "VPS41 subunit of HOPS complex",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/vps41"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cacna1h",
        "symbol": "CACNA1H",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:1395",
        "name": "calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 H",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cacna1h"
      },
      {
        "slug": "frmd5",
        "symbol": "FRMD5",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:28214",
        "name": "FERM domain containing 5",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/frmd5"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gabra1",
        "symbol": "GABRA1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4075",
        "name": "gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gabra1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gabrb3",
        "symbol": "GABRB3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4083",
        "name": "gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit beta3",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gabrb3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gabrg2",
        "symbol": "GABRG2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4087",
        "name": "gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit gamma2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gabrg2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gclc",
        "symbol": "GCLC",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4311",
        "name": "glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gclc"
      },
      {
        "slug": "inpp4a",
        "symbol": "INPP4A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6074",
        "name": "inositol polyphosphate-4-phosphatase type I A",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/inpp4a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "jrk",
        "symbol": "JRK",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6199",
        "name": "Jrk helix-turn-helix protein",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/jrk"
      },
      {
        "slug": "opa3",
        "symbol": "OPA3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8142",
        "name": "outer mitochondrial membrane lipid metabolism regulator OPA3",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/opa3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pnkp",
        "symbol": "PNKP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9154",
        "name": "polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pnkp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sardh",
        "symbol": "SARDH",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10536",
        "name": "sarcosine dehydrogenase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sardh"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tcf12",
        "symbol": "TCF12",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11623",
        "name": "transcription factor 12",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tcf12"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sptbn1",
        "symbol": "SPTBN1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11275",
        "name": "spectrin beta, non-erythrocytic 1",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sptbn1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dnaaf4",
        "symbol": "DNAAF4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:21493",
        "name": "dynein axonemal assembly factor 4",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dnaaf4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "stim1",
        "symbol": "STIM1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11386",
        "name": "stromal interaction molecule 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/stim1"
      }
    ]
  }
}