{
  "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/visual-field-defect",
  "trait": {
    "bundleId": "2026.10.17-8666dff2",
    "release": "2026-09-01",
    "slug": "visual-field-defect",
    "id": "HP:0001123",
    "name": "Partial loss of field of vision",
    "label": "Visual field defect",
    "synonyms": [
      "Visual field defects"
    ],
    "systems": [
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-eye",
        "name": "Abnormality of the eye",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-eye"
      }
    ],
    "broader": [
      {
        "slug": "visual-impairment",
        "name": "Visual impairment",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/visual-impairment"
      }
    ],
    "narrower": [
      {
        "slug": "constriction-of-peripheral-visual-field",
        "name": "Limited peripheral vision",
        "genes": 97,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/constriction-of-peripheral-visual-field"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hemianopia",
        "name": "Hemianopia",
        "genes": 33,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/hemianopia"
      },
      {
        "slug": "scotoma",
        "name": "Blind spot",
        "genes": 31,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/scotoma"
      },
      {
        "slug": "abnormal-visual-field-test",
        "name": "Abnormal visual field test",
        "genes": 10,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormal-visual-field-test"
      },
      {
        "slug": "progressive-visual-field-defects",
        "name": "Progressive visual field defects",
        "genes": 7,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/progressive-visual-field-defects"
      },
      {
        "slug": "glaucomatous-visual-field-defect",
        "name": "Glaucomatous visual field defect",
        "genes": 4,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/glaucomatous-visual-field-defect"
      },
      {
        "slug": "blind-spot-enlargement",
        "name": "Blind-spot enlargement",
        "genes": 3,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/blind-spot-enlargement"
      },
      {
        "slug": "large-central-visual-field-defect",
        "name": "Large central loss of field of vision",
        "genes": 3,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/large-central-visual-field-defect"
      }
    ],
    "genes": [
      {
        "slug": "arhgef18",
        "symbol": "ARHGEF18",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17090",
        "name": "Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 18",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/arhgef18"
      },
      {
        "slug": "efemp1",
        "symbol": "EFEMP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3218",
        "name": "EGF-like fibulin extracellular matrix protein 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/efemp1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "impg2",
        "symbol": "IMPG2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18362",
        "name": "interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycan 2",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/impg2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mak",
        "symbol": "MAK",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6816",
        "name": "male germ cell associated kinase",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mak"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rho",
        "symbol": "RHO",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10012",
        "name": "rhodopsin",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rho"
      },
      {
        "slug": "slc7a14",
        "symbol": "SLC7A14",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:29326",
        "name": "solute carrier family 7 member 14",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/slc7a14"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rlbp1",
        "symbol": "RLBP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10024",
        "name": "retinaldehyde binding protein 1",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rlbp1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ada2",
        "symbol": "ADA2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:1839",
        "name": "adenosine deaminase 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ada2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "angptl6",
        "symbol": "ANGPTL6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:23140",
        "name": "angiopoietin like 6",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/angptl6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "best1",
        "symbol": "BEST1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12703",
        "name": "bestrophin 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/best1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "clcn2",
        "symbol": "CLCN2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2020",
        "name": "chloride voltage-gated channel 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/clcn2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "clrn1",
        "symbol": "CLRN1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12605",
        "name": "clarin 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/clrn1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "col3a1",
        "symbol": "COL3A1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2201",
        "name": "collagen type III alpha 1 chain",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/col3a1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "eng",
        "symbol": "ENG",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3349",
        "name": "endoglin",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/eng"
      },
      {
        "slug": "fa2h",
        "symbol": "FA2H",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:21197",
        "name": "fatty acid 2-hydroxylase",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fa2h"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gnaq",
        "symbol": "GNAQ",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4390",
        "name": "G protein subunit alpha q",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gnaq"
      },
      {
        "slug": "iba57",
        "symbol": "IBA57",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:27302",
        "name": "iron-sulfur cluster assembly factor IBA57",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/iba57"
      },
      {
        "slug": "impg1",
        "symbol": "IMPG1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6055",
        "name": "interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycan 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/impg1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "kcnj13",
        "symbol": "KCNJ13",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6259",
        "name": "potassium inwardly rectifying channel subfamily J member 13",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/kcnj13"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mtrfr",
        "symbol": "MTRFR",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:26784",
        "name": "mitochondrial translation release factor in rescue",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mtrfr"
      },
      {
        "slug": "prph2",
        "symbol": "PRPH2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9942",
        "name": "peripherin 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/prph2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tgfbr3",
        "symbol": "TGFBR3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11774",
        "name": "transforming growth factor beta receptor 3",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tgfbr3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "thsd1",
        "symbol": "THSD1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17754",
        "name": "thrombospondin type 1 domain containing 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/thsd1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "topors",
        "symbol": "TOPORS",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:21653",
        "name": "TOP1 binding arginine/serine rich protein, E3 ubiquitin ligase",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/topors"
      },
      {
        "slug": "aip",
        "symbol": "AIP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:358",
        "name": "AHR interacting HSP90 co-chaperone",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/aip"
      },
      {
        "slug": "alms1",
        "symbol": "ALMS1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:428",
        "name": "ALMS1 centrosome and basal body associated protein",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/alms1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "atm",
        "symbol": "ATM",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:795",
        "name": "ATM serine/threonine kinase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/atm"
      },
      {
        "slug": "bmpr1a",
        "symbol": "BMPR1A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:1076",
        "name": "bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/bmpr1a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "brca2",
        "symbol": "BRCA2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:1101",
        "name": "BRCA2 DNA repair associated",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/brca2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "chek2",
        "symbol": "CHEK2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16627",
        "name": "checkpoint kinase 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/chek2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cwc27",
        "symbol": "CWC27",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10664",
        "name": "CWC27 spliceosome associated cyclophilin",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cwc27"
      },
      {
        "slug": "epcam",
        "symbol": "EPCAM",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11529",
        "name": "epithelial cell adhesion molecule",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/epcam"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gpr101",
        "symbol": "GPR101",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:14963",
        "name": "G protein-coupled receptor 101",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gpr101"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hgsnat",
        "symbol": "HGSNAT",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:26527",
        "name": "heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hgsnat"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hla-b",
        "symbol": "HLA-B",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4932",
        "name": "major histocompatibility complex, class I, B",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hla-b"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hla-drb1",
        "symbol": "HLA-DRB1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4948",
        "name": "major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR beta 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hla-drb1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "jak2",
        "symbol": "JAK2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6192",
        "name": "Janus kinase 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/jak2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "kras",
        "symbol": "KRAS",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6407",
        "name": "KRas proto-oncogene, GTPase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/kras"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mlh1",
        "symbol": "MLH1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7127",
        "name": "mutL homolog 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mlh1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mpl",
        "symbol": "MPL",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7217",
        "name": "MPL proto-oncogene, thrombopoietin receptor",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mpl"
      },
      {
        "slug": "msh2",
        "symbol": "MSH2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7325",
        "name": "mutS homolog 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/msh2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "msh6",
        "symbol": "MSH6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7329",
        "name": "mutS homolog 6",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/msh6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "msx2",
        "symbol": "MSX2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7392",
        "name": "msh homeobox 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/msx2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mutyh",
        "symbol": "MUTYH",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7527",
        "name": "mutY DNA glycosylase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mutyh"
      },
      {
        "slug": "npat",
        "symbol": "NPAT",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7896",
        "name": "nuclear protein, coactivator of histone transcription",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/npat"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nr2f1",
        "symbol": "NR2F1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7975",
        "name": "nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nr2f1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "p4ha2",
        "symbol": "P4HA2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8547",
        "name": "prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunit alpha 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/p4ha2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pik3ca",
        "symbol": "PIK3CA",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8975",
        "name": "phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pik3ca"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pms1",
        "symbol": "PMS1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9121",
        "name": "PMS1 homolog 1, mismatch repair system component",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pms1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pms2",
        "symbol": "PMS2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9122",
        "name": "PMS1 homolog 2, mismatch repair system component",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pms2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pold1",
        "symbol": "POLD1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9175",
        "name": "DNA polymerase delta 1, catalytic subunit",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pold1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pole",
        "symbol": "POLE",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9177",
        "name": "DNA polymerase epsilon, catalytic subunit",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pole"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ptpn22",
        "symbol": "PTPN22",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9652",
        "name": "protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ptpn22"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rps20",
        "symbol": "RPS20",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10405",
        "name": "ribosomal protein S20",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rps20"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sema4a",
        "symbol": "SEMA4A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10729",
        "name": "semaphorin 4A",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sema4a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tgfbr2",
        "symbol": "TGFBR2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11773",
        "name": "transforming growth factor beta receptor 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tgfbr2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "thpo",
        "symbol": "THPO",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11795",
        "name": "thrombopoietin",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/thpo"
      },
      {
        "slug": "trex1",
        "symbol": "TREX1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12269",
        "name": "three prime repair exonuclease 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/trex1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "atrx",
        "symbol": "ATRX",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:886",
        "name": "ATRX chromatin remodeler",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/atrx"
      },
      {
        "slug": "braf",
        "symbol": "BRAF",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:1097",
        "name": "B-Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/braf"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cdh23",
        "symbol": "CDH23",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:13733",
        "name": "cadherin related 23",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cdh23"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nr3c1",
        "symbol": "NR3C1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7978",
        "name": "nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nr3c1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tp53",
        "symbol": "TP53",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11998",
        "name": "tumor protein p53",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tp53"
      },
      {
        "slug": "usp48",
        "symbol": "USP48",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18533",
        "name": "ubiquitin specific peptidase 48",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/usp48"
      },
      {
        "slug": "usp8",
        "symbol": "USP8",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12631",
        "name": "ubiquitin specific peptidase 8",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/usp8"
      },
      {
        "slug": "col18a1",
        "symbol": "COL18A1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2195",
        "name": "collagen type XVIII alpha 1 chain",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/col18a1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "col4a1",
        "symbol": "COL4A1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2202",
        "name": "collagen type IV alpha 1 chain",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/col4a1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "fxn",
        "symbol": "FXN",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3951",
        "name": "frataxin",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fxn"
      },
      {
        "slug": "grk1",
        "symbol": "GRK1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10013",
        "name": "G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/grk1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mmp19",
        "symbol": "MMP19",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7165",
        "name": "matrix metallopeptidase 19",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mmp19"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sag",
        "symbol": "SAG",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10521",
        "name": "S-antigen visual arrestin",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sag"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ush2a",
        "symbol": "USH2A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12601",
        "name": "usherin",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ush2a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "vcan",
        "symbol": "VCAN",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2464",
        "name": "versican",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/vcan"
      }
    ]
  }
}