{
  "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/pseudobulbar-paralysis",
  "trait": {
    "bundleId": "2026.10.17-8666dff2",
    "release": "2026-09-01",
    "slug": "pseudobulbar-paralysis",
    "id": "HP:0007024",
    "name": "Pseudobulbar paralysis",
    "definition": "Bilateral impairment of the function of the cranial nerves 9-12, which control musculature involved in eating, swallowing, and speech. Pseudobulbar paralysis is characterized clinically by dysarthria, dysphonia, and dysphagia with bifacial paralysis, and may be accompanied by Pseudobulbar behavioral symptoms such as enforced crying and laughing.",
    "synonyms": [
      "Pseudobulbar palsy",
      "Pseudobulbar syndrome"
    ],
    "systems": [
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-digestive-system",
        "name": "Abnormality of the digestive system",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-digestive-system"
      },
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-nervous-system",
        "name": "Abnormality of the nervous system",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-nervous-system"
      },
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-voice",
        "name": "Abnormality of the voice",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-voice"
      }
    ],
    "broader": [
      {
        "slug": "dysarthria",
        "name": "Difficulty articulating speech",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/dysarthria"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dysphonia",
        "name": "Inability to produce voice sounds",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/dysphonia"
      },
      {
        "slug": "paralysis",
        "name": "Paralysis",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/paralysis"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dysphagia",
        "name": "Poor swallowing",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/dysphagia"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pseudobulbar-signs",
        "name": "Pseudobulbar signs",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/pseudobulbar-signs"
      }
    ],
    "narrower": [],
    "genes": [
      {
        "slug": "actb",
        "symbol": "ACTB",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:132",
        "name": "actin beta",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/actb"
      },
      {
        "slug": "als2",
        "symbol": "ALS2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:443",
        "name": "alsin Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor ALS2",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/als2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nus1",
        "symbol": "NUS1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:21042",
        "name": "NUS1 dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase subunit",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nus1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sec31a",
        "symbol": "SEC31A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17052",
        "name": "SEC31 homolog A, COPII component",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sec31a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tgm6",
        "symbol": "TGM6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16255",
        "name": "transglutaminase 6",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tgm6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "aldh18a1",
        "symbol": "ALDH18A1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9722",
        "name": "aldehyde dehydrogenase 18 family member A1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/aldh18a1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "htra1",
        "symbol": "HTRA1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9476",
        "name": "HtrA serine peptidase 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/htra1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "zfyve26",
        "symbol": "ZFYVE26",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:20761",
        "name": "zinc finger FYVE-type containing 26",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/zfyve26"
      },
      {
        "slug": "adgrg1",
        "symbol": "ADGRG1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4512",
        "name": "adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/adgrg1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "b4galnt1",
        "symbol": "B4GALNT1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4117",
        "name": "beta-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyltransferase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/b4galnt1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "fig4",
        "symbol": "FIG4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16873",
        "name": "FIG4 phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fig4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hmbs",
        "symbol": "HMBS",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4982",
        "name": "hydroxymethylbilane synthase",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hmbs"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nono",
        "symbol": "NONO",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7871",
        "name": "non-POU domain containing octamer binding",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nono"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pi4ka",
        "symbol": "PI4KA",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8983",
        "name": "phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase alpha",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pi4ka"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rars1",
        "symbol": "RARS1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9870",
        "name": "arginyl-tRNA synthetase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rars1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "srpx2",
        "symbol": "SRPX2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:30668",
        "name": "sushi repeat containing protein X-linked 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/srpx2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "aldh3a2",
        "symbol": "ALDH3A2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:403",
        "name": "aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/aldh3a2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cyp27a1",
        "symbol": "CYP27A1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2605",
        "name": "cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily A member 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cyp27a1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dctn1",
        "symbol": "DCTN1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2711",
        "name": "dynactin subunit 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dctn1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nefh",
        "symbol": "NEFH",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7737",
        "name": "neurofilament heavy chain",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nefh"
      },
      {
        "slug": "notch3",
        "symbol": "NOTCH3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7883",
        "name": "notch receptor 3",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/notch3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "prph",
        "symbol": "PRPH",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9461",
        "name": "peripherin",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/prph"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sod1",
        "symbol": "SOD1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11179",
        "name": "superoxide dismutase 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sod1"
      }
    ]
  }
}