{
  "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/hammertoe",
  "trait": {
    "bundleId": "2026.10.17-8666dff2",
    "release": "2026-09-01",
    "slug": "hammertoe",
    "id": "HP:0001765",
    "name": "Hammertoe",
    "definition": "Hyperextension of the metatarsal-phalangeal joint with hyperflexion of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint.",
    "synonyms": [
      "Hammer toe",
      "Hammertoes"
    ],
    "systems": [
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-limbs",
        "name": "Abnormality of limbs",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-limbs"
      },
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-musculoskeletal-system",
        "name": "Abnormality of the musculoskeletal system",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-musculoskeletal-system"
      }
    ],
    "broader": [
      {
        "slug": "toe-deformity",
        "name": "Toe deformity",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/toe-deformity"
      }
    ],
    "narrower": [],
    "genes": [
      {
        "slug": "adcy6",
        "symbol": "ADCY6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:237",
        "name": "adenylate cyclase 6",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/adcy6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "aebp1",
        "symbol": "AEBP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:303",
        "name": "AE binding protein 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/aebp1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "chp1",
        "symbol": "CHP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17433",
        "name": "calcineurin like EF-hand protein 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/chp1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cox18",
        "symbol": "COX18",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:26801",
        "name": "cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor COX18",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cox18"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dars2",
        "symbol": "DARS2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:25538",
        "name": "aspartyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dars2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "esam",
        "symbol": "ESAM",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17474",
        "name": "endothelial cell adhesion molecule",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/esam"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gnb4",
        "symbol": "GNB4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:20731",
        "name": "G protein subunit beta 4",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gnb4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mad1l1",
        "symbol": "MAD1L1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6762",
        "name": "mitotic arrest deficient 1 like 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mad1l1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mpv17",
        "symbol": "MPV17",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7224",
        "name": "mitochondrial inner membrane protein MPV17",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mpv17"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pdxk",
        "symbol": "PDXK",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8819",
        "name": "pyridoxal kinase",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pdxk"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pmp2",
        "symbol": "PMP2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9117",
        "name": "peripheral myelin protein 2",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pmp2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sptan1",
        "symbol": "SPTAN1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11273",
        "name": "spectrin alpha, non-erythrocytic 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sptan1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tbcb",
        "symbol": "TBCB",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:1989",
        "name": "tubulin folding cofactor B",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tbcb"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tor1a",
        "symbol": "TOR1A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3098",
        "name": "torsin family 1 member A",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tor1a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "syt2",
        "symbol": "SYT2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11510",
        "name": "synaptotagmin 2",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/syt2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "vcp",
        "symbol": "VCP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12666",
        "name": "valosin containing protein",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/vcp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "bcor",
        "symbol": "BCOR",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:20893",
        "name": "BCL6 corepressor",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/bcor"
      },
      {
        "slug": "esco2",
        "symbol": "ESCO2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:27230",
        "name": "establishment of sister chromatid cohesion N-acetyltransferase 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/esco2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gdap1",
        "symbol": "GDAP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:15968",
        "name": "ganglioside induced differentiation associated protein 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 3,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gdap1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "itpr3",
        "symbol": "ITPR3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6182",
        "name": "inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/itpr3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "lmna",
        "symbol": "LMNA",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6636",
        "name": "lamin A/C",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/lmna"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ndrg1",
        "symbol": "NDRG1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7679",
        "name": "N-myc downstream regulated 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ndrg1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nefl",
        "symbol": "NEFL",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7739",
        "name": "neurofilament light chain",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nefl"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pex7",
        "symbol": "PEX7",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8860",
        "name": "peroxisomal biogenesis factor 7",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pex7"
      },
      {
        "slug": "phyh",
        "symbol": "PHYH",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8940",
        "name": "phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/phyh"
      },
      {
        "slug": "plekhg5",
        "symbol": "PLEKHG5",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:29105",
        "name": "pleckstrin homology and RhoGEF domain containing G5",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/plekhg5"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rtn2",
        "symbol": "RTN2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10468",
        "name": "reticulon 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rtn2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sh3tc2",
        "symbol": "SH3TC2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:29427",
        "name": "SH3 domain and tetratricopeptide repeats 2",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sh3tc2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "arhgap19",
        "symbol": "ARHGAP19",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:23724",
        "name": "Rho GTPase activating protein 19",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/arhgap19"
      },
      {
        "slug": "bscl2",
        "symbol": "BSCL2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:15832",
        "name": "BSCL2 lipid droplet biogenesis associated, seipin",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/bscl2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gars1",
        "symbol": "GARS1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4162",
        "name": "glycyl-tRNA synthetase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 3,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gars1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gbf1",
        "symbol": "GBF1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4181",
        "name": "golgi brefeldin A resistant guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gbf1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hars1",
        "symbol": "HARS1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4816",
        "name": "histidyl-tRNA synthetase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hars1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "kat6a",
        "symbol": "KAT6A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:13013",
        "name": "lysine acetyltransferase 6A",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/kat6a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "lrsam1",
        "symbol": "LRSAM1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:25135",
        "name": "leucine rich repeat and sterile alpha motif containing 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/lrsam1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nrcam",
        "symbol": "NRCAM",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7994",
        "name": "neuronal cell adhesion molecule",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nrcam"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pmp22",
        "symbol": "PMP22",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9118",
        "name": "peripheral myelin protein 22",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 5,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pmp22"
      },
      {
        "slug": "reep1",
        "symbol": "REEP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:25786",
        "name": "receptor accessory protein 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/reep1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "slc35a3",
        "symbol": "SLC35A3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11023",
        "name": "solute carrier family 35 member A3",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/slc35a3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "vrk1",
        "symbol": "VRK1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:12718",
        "name": "VRK serine/threonine kinase 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/vrk1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "morc2",
        "symbol": "MORC2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:23573",
        "name": "MORC family CW-type zinc finger 2",
        "frequency": "very-rare",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/morc2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "aars1",
        "symbol": "AARS1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:20",
        "name": "alanyl-tRNA synthetase 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/aars1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "bmper",
        "symbol": "BMPER",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:24154",
        "name": "BMP binding endothelial regulator",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/bmper"
      },
      {
        "slug": "chchd10",
        "symbol": "CHCHD10",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:15559",
        "name": "coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain containing 10",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/chchd10"
      },
      {
        "slug": "coa7",
        "symbol": "COA7",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:25716",
        "name": "cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 7",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/coa7"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dcaf8",
        "symbol": "DCAF8",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:24891",
        "name": "DDB1 and CUL4 associated factor 8",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dcaf8"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dhcr7",
        "symbol": "DHCR7",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2860",
        "name": "7-dehydrocholesterol reductase",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dhcr7"
      },
      {
        "slug": "egr2",
        "symbol": "EGR2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3239",
        "name": "early growth response 2",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/egr2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "fbn1",
        "symbol": "FBN1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3603",
        "name": "fibrillin 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fbn1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "fxn",
        "symbol": "FXN",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3951",
        "name": "frataxin",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/fxn"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hsd17b4",
        "symbol": "HSD17B4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:5213",
        "name": "hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 4",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hsd17b4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "inf2",
        "symbol": "INF2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:23791",
        "name": "inverted formin 2",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/inf2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "kif1b",
        "symbol": "KIF1B",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16636",
        "name": "kinesin family member 1B",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/kif1b"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mfn2",
        "symbol": "MFN2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16877",
        "name": "mitofusin 2",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mfn2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mpz",
        "symbol": "MPZ",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7225",
        "name": "myelin protein zero",
        "diseases": 3,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mpz"
      },
      {
        "slug": "myh8",
        "symbol": "MYH8",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7578",
        "name": "myosin heavy chain 8",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/myh8"
      },
      {
        "slug": "prx",
        "symbol": "PRX",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:13797",
        "name": "periaxin",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/prx"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rab7a",
        "symbol": "RAB7A",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9788",
        "name": "RAB7A, member RAS oncogene family",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rab7a"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sacs",
        "symbol": "SACS",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:10519",
        "name": "sacsin molecular chaperone",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sacs"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sbf2",
        "symbol": "SBF2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2135",
        "name": "SET binding factor 2",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sbf2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "sigmar1",
        "symbol": "SIGMAR1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:8157",
        "name": "sigma receptor chaperone 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/sigmar1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "spart",
        "symbol": "SPART",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18514",
        "name": "spartin",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/spart"
      },
      {
        "slug": "trpv4",
        "symbol": "TRPV4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18083",
        "name": "transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/trpv4"
      }
    ]
  }
}