{
  "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/stuttering",
  "trait": {
    "bundleId": "2026.10.17-8666dff2",
    "release": "2026-09-01",
    "slug": "stuttering",
    "id": "HP:0025268",
    "name": "Stuttering",
    "definition": "Disruptions in the production of speech sounds, with involuntary repetitions of words or parts of words, prolongations of speech sounds, or complete blockage of speech production for several seconds.",
    "synonyms": [
      "Stammering"
    ],
    "systems": [
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-nervous-system",
        "name": "Abnormality of the nervous system",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-nervous-system"
      }
    ],
    "broader": [
      {
        "slug": "abnormal-speech-pattern",
        "name": "Abnormal speech pattern",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormal-speech-pattern"
      }
    ],
    "narrower": [],
    "genes": [
      {
        "slug": "nsd1",
        "symbol": "NSD1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:14234",
        "name": "nuclear receptor binding SET domain protein 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nsd1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rrp12",
        "symbol": "RRP12",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:29100",
        "name": "ribosomal RNA processing 12 homolog",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rrp12"
      },
      {
        "slug": "scyl1",
        "symbol": "SCYL1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:14372",
        "name": "SCY1 like pseudokinase 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/scyl1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ubap2l",
        "symbol": "UBAP2L",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:29877",
        "name": "ubiquitin associated protein 2 like",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ubap2l"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mapt",
        "symbol": "MAPT",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6893",
        "name": "microtubule associated protein tau",
        "frequency": "very-frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mapt"
      },
      {
        "slug": "las1l",
        "symbol": "LAS1L",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:25726",
        "name": "LAS1 like ribosome biogenesis factor",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/las1l"
      },
      {
        "slug": "chd3",
        "symbol": "CHD3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:1918",
        "name": "chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 3",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/chd3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "hexb",
        "symbol": "HEXB",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4879",
        "name": "hexosaminidase subunit beta",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/hexb"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-co1",
        "symbol": "MT-CO1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7419",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase I",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-co1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-co2",
        "symbol": "MT-CO2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7421",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase II",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-co2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-co3",
        "symbol": "MT-CO3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7422",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase III",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-co3"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-nd1",
        "symbol": "MT-ND1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7455",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-nd1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-nd4",
        "symbol": "MT-ND4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7459",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 4",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-nd4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-nd5",
        "symbol": "MT-ND5",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7461",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 5",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-nd5"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-nd6",
        "symbol": "MT-ND6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7462",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 6",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-nd6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-tf",
        "symbol": "MT-TF",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7481",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded tRNA-Phe (UUU/C)",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-tf"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-th",
        "symbol": "MT-TH",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7487",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded tRNA-His (CAU/C)",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-th"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-tl1",
        "symbol": "MT-TL1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7490",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded tRNA-Leu (UUA/G) 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-tl1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-tq",
        "symbol": "MT-TQ",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7495",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded tRNA-Gln (CAA/G)",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-tq"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-ts1",
        "symbol": "MT-TS1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7497",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded tRNA-Ser (UCN) 1",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-ts1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-ts2",
        "symbol": "MT-TS2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7498",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded tRNA-Ser (AGU/C) 2",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-ts2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mt-tw",
        "symbol": "MT-TW",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7501",
        "name": "mitochondrially encoded tRNA-Trp (UGA/G)",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mt-tw"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nexmif",
        "symbol": "NEXMIF",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:29433",
        "name": "neurite extension and migration factor",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nexmif"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ap4e1",
        "symbol": "AP4E1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:573",
        "name": "adaptor related protein complex 4 subunit epsilon 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ap4e1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tdo2",
        "symbol": "TDO2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11708",
        "name": "tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tdo2"
      }
    ]
  }
}