{
  "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/parakeratosis",
  "trait": {
    "bundleId": "2026.10.19-9814e911",
    "release": "2026-09-01",
    "slug": "parakeratosis",
    "id": "HP:0001036",
    "name": "Parakeratosis",
    "definition": "Abnormal formation of the keratinocytes of the epidermis characterized by persistence of nuclei, incomplete formation of keratin, and moistness and swelling of the keratinocytes.",
    "synonyms": [],
    "systems": [
      {
        "slug": "abnormality-of-the-integument",
        "name": "Abnormality of the integument",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/abnormality-of-the-integument"
      }
    ],
    "broader": [
      {
        "slug": "epidermal-thickening",
        "name": "Epidermal thickening",
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/epidermal-thickening"
      }
    ],
    "narrower": [
      {
        "slug": "hyperparakeratosis",
        "name": "Hyperparakeratosis",
        "genes": 4,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/traits/hyperparakeratosis"
      }
    ],
    "genes": [
      {
        "slug": "dclre1c",
        "symbol": "DCLRE1C",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17642",
        "name": "DNA cross-link repair 1C",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dclre1c"
      },
      {
        "slug": "elovl1",
        "symbol": "ELOVL1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:14418",
        "name": "ELOVL fatty acid elongase 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/elovl1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "gls",
        "symbol": "GLS",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:4331",
        "name": "glutaminase",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/gls"
      },
      {
        "slug": "il36rn",
        "symbol": "IL36RN",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:15561",
        "name": "interleukin 36 receptor antagonist",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/il36rn"
      },
      {
        "slug": "irf4",
        "symbol": "IRF4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6119",
        "name": "interferon regulatory factor 4",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/irf4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "klk11",
        "symbol": "KLK11",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6359",
        "name": "kallikrein related peptidase 11",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/klk11"
      },
      {
        "slug": "perp",
        "symbol": "PERP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17637",
        "name": "p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP22",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/perp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rag1",
        "symbol": "RAG1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9831",
        "name": "recombination activating 1",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rag1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rag2",
        "symbol": "RAG2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9832",
        "name": "recombination activating 2",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rag2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "spink5",
        "symbol": "SPINK5",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:15464",
        "name": "serine peptidase inhibitor Kazal type 5",
        "frequency": "obligate",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/spink5"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cdsn",
        "symbol": "CDSN",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:1802",
        "name": "corneodesmosin",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cdsn"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ercc6",
        "symbol": "ERCC6",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3438",
        "name": "ERCC excision repair 6, chromatin remodeling factor",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ercc6"
      },
      {
        "slug": "krt5",
        "symbol": "KRT5",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6442",
        "name": "keratin 5",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/krt5"
      },
      {
        "slug": "krt74",
        "symbol": "KRT74",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:28929",
        "name": "keratin 74",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/krt74"
      },
      {
        "slug": "loricrin",
        "symbol": "LORICRIN",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6663",
        "name": "loricrin cornified envelope precursor protein",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/loricrin"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nsdhl",
        "symbol": "NSDHL",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:13398",
        "name": "NAD(P) dependent 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase NSDHL",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nsdhl"
      },
      {
        "slug": "tgm1",
        "symbol": "TGM1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:11777",
        "name": "transglutaminase 1",
        "frequency": "frequent",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/tgm1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "ldha",
        "symbol": "LDHA",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:6535",
        "name": "lactate dehydrogenase A",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/ldha"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nipal4",
        "symbol": "NIPAL4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:28018",
        "name": "NIPA like domain containing 4",
        "frequency": "occasional",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nipal4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "atp2a2",
        "symbol": "ATP2A2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:812",
        "name": "ATPase sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transporting 2",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/atp2a2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "card14",
        "symbol": "CARD14",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:16446",
        "name": "caspase recruitment domain family member 14",
        "diseases": 2,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/card14"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cldn1",
        "symbol": "CLDN1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:2032",
        "name": "claudin 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cldn1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "cyp4f22",
        "symbol": "CYP4F22",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:26820",
        "name": "cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily F member 22",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/cyp4f22"
      },
      {
        "slug": "dsp",
        "symbol": "DSP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:3052",
        "name": "desmoplakin",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/dsp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "flg2",
        "symbol": "FLG2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:33276",
        "name": "filaggrin 2",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/flg2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mbtps2",
        "symbol": "MBTPS2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:15455",
        "name": "membrane bound transcription factor peptidase, site 2",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mbtps2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mvd",
        "symbol": "MVD",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7529",
        "name": "mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mvd"
      },
      {
        "slug": "mvk",
        "symbol": "MVK",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:7530",
        "name": "mevalonate kinase",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/mvk"
      },
      {
        "slug": "nlrp1",
        "symbol": "NLRP1",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:14374",
        "name": "NLR family pyrin domain containing 1",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/nlrp1"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pmvk",
        "symbol": "PMVK",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:9141",
        "name": "phosphomevalonate kinase",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pmvk"
      },
      {
        "slug": "pomp",
        "symbol": "POMP",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:20330",
        "name": "proteasome maturation protein",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/pomp"
      },
      {
        "slug": "rhbdf2",
        "symbol": "RHBDF2",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:20788",
        "name": "rhomboid 5 homolog 2",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/rhbdf2"
      },
      {
        "slug": "trpm4",
        "symbol": "TRPM4",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:17993",
        "name": "transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/trpm4"
      },
      {
        "slug": "trpv3",
        "symbol": "TRPV3",
        "hgnc": "HGNC:18084",
        "name": "transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 3",
        "diseases": 1,
        "url": "https://dantelabs.com/genes/trpv3"
      }
    ]
  }
}